Deciphering methanolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum oil into biodiesel using KOH-doped Aegle marmelos biochar catalyst: Thermo-kinetics, optimization and cost analysis
The current study presents the catalysed conversion of Calophyllum inophyllum oil with methanol into biodiesel using a single stage approach. Here, the catalyst development essentially valorises waste Aegle marmelos fruit shell through carbonization and subsequent doping with KOH. An indigenously de...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2025-12-01
|
| Series: | Cleaner Chemical Engineering |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772782325000087 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832542449666359296 |
|---|---|
| author | Bisheswar Karmakar Gopinath Halder |
| author_facet | Bisheswar Karmakar Gopinath Halder |
| author_sort | Bisheswar Karmakar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The current study presents the catalysed conversion of Calophyllum inophyllum oil with methanol into biodiesel using a single stage approach. Here, the catalyst development essentially valorises waste Aegle marmelos fruit shell through carbonization and subsequent doping with KOH. An indigenously developed heterogeneous catalyst was obtained that can be easily recovered and reused multiple times, proving to be cost efficient according to calculated estimates. This also reduces fuel synthesis costs owing to drastic reduction in wastewater generation. The reaction is optimized through central composite design (CCD) using five process parameters viz. reaction temperature, duration, catalyst concentration, methanol concentration and agitation speed, which resulted in maximum fuel yield of 95.77 %. Conversion of oil was optimal using methanol at 40 %w/w concentration at 60 °C reaction temperature, when the reaction occurs for a duration of 150 min with KOH-doped catalyst at 4 %w/w concentration, requiring a high agitation speed of 850 rpm. From analysis of variance (ANOVA) studies it is clear that the developed model is consistent and statistically relevant. From kinetic and thermodynamic studies, it is seen that the base catalysed transesterification has an activation energy (Ea) = 98.895 kJ/mol and frequency factor (A) = 90.74 min-1, as the reaction is endothermic since enthalpy change (ΔH) was noted to be 809.64 J, along with an entropy change (ΔS) of -64.59 J/K-mol, showing it to be non-spontaneous as well as increasing order in the system. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7289e569b4004b3bbf70cc074a98cfd2 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2772-7823 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cleaner Chemical Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-7289e569b4004b3bbf70cc074a98cfd22025-02-04T04:10:43ZengElsevierCleaner Chemical Engineering2772-78232025-12-0111100153Deciphering methanolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum oil into biodiesel using KOH-doped Aegle marmelos biochar catalyst: Thermo-kinetics, optimization and cost analysisBisheswar Karmakar0Gopinath Halder1Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600062, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India; Corresponding author.The current study presents the catalysed conversion of Calophyllum inophyllum oil with methanol into biodiesel using a single stage approach. Here, the catalyst development essentially valorises waste Aegle marmelos fruit shell through carbonization and subsequent doping with KOH. An indigenously developed heterogeneous catalyst was obtained that can be easily recovered and reused multiple times, proving to be cost efficient according to calculated estimates. This also reduces fuel synthesis costs owing to drastic reduction in wastewater generation. The reaction is optimized through central composite design (CCD) using five process parameters viz. reaction temperature, duration, catalyst concentration, methanol concentration and agitation speed, which resulted in maximum fuel yield of 95.77 %. Conversion of oil was optimal using methanol at 40 %w/w concentration at 60 °C reaction temperature, when the reaction occurs for a duration of 150 min with KOH-doped catalyst at 4 %w/w concentration, requiring a high agitation speed of 850 rpm. From analysis of variance (ANOVA) studies it is clear that the developed model is consistent and statistically relevant. From kinetic and thermodynamic studies, it is seen that the base catalysed transesterification has an activation energy (Ea) = 98.895 kJ/mol and frequency factor (A) = 90.74 min-1, as the reaction is endothermic since enthalpy change (ΔH) was noted to be 809.64 J, along with an entropy change (ΔS) of -64.59 J/K-mol, showing it to be non-spontaneous as well as increasing order in the system.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772782325000087Aegle marmelosBiochar catalystBiodiesel synthesisCalophyllum inophyllumCentral composite design |
| spellingShingle | Bisheswar Karmakar Gopinath Halder Deciphering methanolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum oil into biodiesel using KOH-doped Aegle marmelos biochar catalyst: Thermo-kinetics, optimization and cost analysis Cleaner Chemical Engineering Aegle marmelos Biochar catalyst Biodiesel synthesis Calophyllum inophyllum Central composite design |
| title | Deciphering methanolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum oil into biodiesel using KOH-doped Aegle marmelos biochar catalyst: Thermo-kinetics, optimization and cost analysis |
| title_full | Deciphering methanolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum oil into biodiesel using KOH-doped Aegle marmelos biochar catalyst: Thermo-kinetics, optimization and cost analysis |
| title_fullStr | Deciphering methanolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum oil into biodiesel using KOH-doped Aegle marmelos biochar catalyst: Thermo-kinetics, optimization and cost analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Deciphering methanolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum oil into biodiesel using KOH-doped Aegle marmelos biochar catalyst: Thermo-kinetics, optimization and cost analysis |
| title_short | Deciphering methanolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum oil into biodiesel using KOH-doped Aegle marmelos biochar catalyst: Thermo-kinetics, optimization and cost analysis |
| title_sort | deciphering methanolysis of calophyllum inophyllum oil into biodiesel using koh doped aegle marmelos biochar catalyst thermo kinetics optimization and cost analysis |
| topic | Aegle marmelos Biochar catalyst Biodiesel synthesis Calophyllum inophyllum Central composite design |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772782325000087 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bisheswarkarmakar decipheringmethanolysisofcalophylluminophyllumoilintobiodieselusingkohdopedaeglemarmelosbiocharcatalystthermokineticsoptimizationandcostanalysis AT gopinathhalder decipheringmethanolysisofcalophylluminophyllumoilintobiodieselusingkohdopedaeglemarmelosbiocharcatalystthermokineticsoptimizationandcostanalysis |