Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The hallmark to MS is the demyelinated plaque, which consists of a well-demarcated hypocellular area characterized by the loss of myelin, the formation of astrocytic scars, and the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2013-01-01
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| Series: | Clinical and Developmental Immunology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/413465 |
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| author | Norma Y. Hernández-Pedro Guillermo Espinosa-Ramirez Verónica Pérez de la Cruz Benjamín Pineda Julio Sotelo |
| author_facet | Norma Y. Hernández-Pedro Guillermo Espinosa-Ramirez Verónica Pérez de la Cruz Benjamín Pineda Julio Sotelo |
| author_sort | Norma Y. Hernández-Pedro |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The hallmark to MS is the demyelinated plaque, which consists of a well-demarcated hypocellular area characterized by the loss of myelin, the formation of astrocytic scars, and the mononuclear cell infiltrates concentrated in perivascular spaces composed of T cells, B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Activation of resident cells initiates an inflammatory cascade, leading to tissue destruction, demyelination, and neurological deficit. The immunological phenomena that lead to the activation of autoreactive T cells to myelin sheath components are the result of multiple and complex interactions between environment and genetic background conferring individual susceptibility. Within the CNS, an increase of TLR expression during MS is observed, even in the absence of any apparent microbial involvement. In the present review, we focus on the role of the innate immune system, the first line of defense of the organism, as promoter and mediator of cross reactions that generate molecular mimicry triggering the inflammatory response through an adaptive cytotoxic response in MS. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-711494ba6d07427e8c7b91f5f8327827 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1740-2522 1740-2530 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2013-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Clinical and Developmental Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-711494ba6d07427e8c7b91f5f83278272025-02-03T05:46:06ZengWileyClinical and Developmental Immunology1740-25221740-25302013-01-01201310.1155/2013/413465413465Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune ResponseNorma Y. Hernández-Pedro0Guillermo Espinosa-Ramirez1Verónica Pérez de la Cruz2Benjamín Pineda3Julio Sotelo4Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 Mexico City, DF, MexicoNeuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 Mexico City, DF, MexicoNeurochemistry Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 Mexico City, DF, MexicoNeuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 Mexico City, DF, MexicoNeuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 Mexico City, DF, MexicoMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The hallmark to MS is the demyelinated plaque, which consists of a well-demarcated hypocellular area characterized by the loss of myelin, the formation of astrocytic scars, and the mononuclear cell infiltrates concentrated in perivascular spaces composed of T cells, B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Activation of resident cells initiates an inflammatory cascade, leading to tissue destruction, demyelination, and neurological deficit. The immunological phenomena that lead to the activation of autoreactive T cells to myelin sheath components are the result of multiple and complex interactions between environment and genetic background conferring individual susceptibility. Within the CNS, an increase of TLR expression during MS is observed, even in the absence of any apparent microbial involvement. In the present review, we focus on the role of the innate immune system, the first line of defense of the organism, as promoter and mediator of cross reactions that generate molecular mimicry triggering the inflammatory response through an adaptive cytotoxic response in MS.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/413465 |
| spellingShingle | Norma Y. Hernández-Pedro Guillermo Espinosa-Ramirez Verónica Pérez de la Cruz Benjamín Pineda Julio Sotelo Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response Clinical and Developmental Immunology |
| title | Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response |
| title_full | Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response |
| title_fullStr | Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response |
| title_full_unstemmed | Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response |
| title_short | Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response |
| title_sort | initial immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis innate immune response |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/413465 |
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