Biomolecules of the Horseshoe Crab’s Hemolymph: Components of an Ancient Defensive Mechanism and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Industry
Without adaptive immunity, invertebrates have evolved innate immune systems that react to antigens on the surfaces of pathogens. These defense mechanisms are included in horseshoe crab hemocytes’ cellular responses to pathogens. Secretory granules, large (L) and small (S), are found on hemocytes. On...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Cellular Microbiology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3381162 |
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| author | Md. Ashrafuzzaman Mamudul Hasan Razu Nazmir-Nur Showva Tohmina Afroze Bondhon Md. Moniruzzaman Sad Al Rezwan Rahman Md. Raisul Islam Rabby Fatema Akter Mala Khan |
| author_facet | Md. Ashrafuzzaman Mamudul Hasan Razu Nazmir-Nur Showva Tohmina Afroze Bondhon Md. Moniruzzaman Sad Al Rezwan Rahman Md. Raisul Islam Rabby Fatema Akter Mala Khan |
| author_sort | Md. Ashrafuzzaman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Without adaptive immunity, invertebrates have evolved innate immune systems that react to antigens on the surfaces of pathogens. These defense mechanisms are included in horseshoe crab hemocytes’ cellular responses to pathogens. Secretory granules, large (L) and small (S), are found on hemocytes. Once the invasion of pathogens is present, these granules release their contents through exocytosis. Recent data in biochemistry and immunology on the granular constituents of granule-specific proteins are stored in large and small granules which are involved in the cell-mediated immune response. L-granules contain most clotting proteins, which are necessary for hemolymph coagulation. They also include tachylectins; protease inhibitors, such as cystatin and serpins; and anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) factors, which bind to LPS and agglutinate bacteria. Big defensin, tachycitin, tachystatin, and tachyplesins are some of the essential cysteine-rich proteins in S-granules. These granules also contain tachycitin and tachystatins, which can agglutinate bacteria. These proteins in granules and hemolymph act synergistically to fight infections. These biomolecules are antimicrobial and antibacterial, enabling them to be drug resistant. This review is aimed at explaining the biomolecules identified in the horseshoe crab’s hemolymph and their application scopes in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7065404b73d248e2abf959835cec8d61 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1462-5822 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cellular Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-7065404b73d248e2abf959835cec8d612025-02-03T06:04:41ZengWileyCellular Microbiology1462-58222022-01-01202210.1155/2022/3381162Biomolecules of the Horseshoe Crab’s Hemolymph: Components of an Ancient Defensive Mechanism and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical IndustryMd. Ashrafuzzaman0Mamudul Hasan Razu1Nazmir-Nur Showva2Tohmina Afroze Bondhon3Md. Moniruzzaman4Sad Al Rezwan Rahman5Md. Raisul Islam Rabby6Fatema Akter7Mala Khan8Department of Biomedical EngineeringBangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM)Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM)Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM)Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM)Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM)Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM)Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM)Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical MeasurementsWithout adaptive immunity, invertebrates have evolved innate immune systems that react to antigens on the surfaces of pathogens. These defense mechanisms are included in horseshoe crab hemocytes’ cellular responses to pathogens. Secretory granules, large (L) and small (S), are found on hemocytes. Once the invasion of pathogens is present, these granules release their contents through exocytosis. Recent data in biochemistry and immunology on the granular constituents of granule-specific proteins are stored in large and small granules which are involved in the cell-mediated immune response. L-granules contain most clotting proteins, which are necessary for hemolymph coagulation. They also include tachylectins; protease inhibitors, such as cystatin and serpins; and anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) factors, which bind to LPS and agglutinate bacteria. Big defensin, tachycitin, tachystatin, and tachyplesins are some of the essential cysteine-rich proteins in S-granules. These granules also contain tachycitin and tachystatins, which can agglutinate bacteria. These proteins in granules and hemolymph act synergistically to fight infections. These biomolecules are antimicrobial and antibacterial, enabling them to be drug resistant. This review is aimed at explaining the biomolecules identified in the horseshoe crab’s hemolymph and their application scopes in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3381162 |
| spellingShingle | Md. Ashrafuzzaman Mamudul Hasan Razu Nazmir-Nur Showva Tohmina Afroze Bondhon Md. Moniruzzaman Sad Al Rezwan Rahman Md. Raisul Islam Rabby Fatema Akter Mala Khan Biomolecules of the Horseshoe Crab’s Hemolymph: Components of an Ancient Defensive Mechanism and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Industry Cellular Microbiology |
| title | Biomolecules of the Horseshoe Crab’s Hemolymph: Components of an Ancient Defensive Mechanism and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Industry |
| title_full | Biomolecules of the Horseshoe Crab’s Hemolymph: Components of an Ancient Defensive Mechanism and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Industry |
| title_fullStr | Biomolecules of the Horseshoe Crab’s Hemolymph: Components of an Ancient Defensive Mechanism and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Industry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biomolecules of the Horseshoe Crab’s Hemolymph: Components of an Ancient Defensive Mechanism and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Industry |
| title_short | Biomolecules of the Horseshoe Crab’s Hemolymph: Components of an Ancient Defensive Mechanism and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Industry |
| title_sort | biomolecules of the horseshoe crab s hemolymph components of an ancient defensive mechanism and its impact on the pharmaceutical and biomedical industry |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3381162 |
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