Research on the Thermal Runaway Behavior and Flammability Limits of Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Batteries
Batteries are widely used in energy storage systems (ESS), and thermal runaway in different types of batteries presents varying safety risks. Therefore, comparative research on the thermal runaway behaviors of various batteries is essential. This study investigates the thermal runaway characteristic...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Changbao Qi Hewu Wang Minghai Li Cheng Li Yalun Li Chao Shi Ningning Wei Yan Wang Huipeng Zhang |
| author_facet | Changbao Qi Hewu Wang Minghai Li Cheng Li Yalun Li Chao Shi Ningning Wei Yan Wang Huipeng Zhang |
| author_sort | Changbao Qi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Batteries are widely used in energy storage systems (ESS), and thermal runaway in different types of batteries presents varying safety risks. Therefore, comparative research on the thermal runaway behaviors of various batteries is essential. This study investigates the thermal runaway characteristics of sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), lithium iron phosphate batteries (LFP), and lithium-ion batteries with NCM523 and NCM622 cathodes. The experiments were conducted in a nitrogen-filled constant-volume sealed chamber. The results show that the critical surface temperatures at the time of thermal runaway are as follows: LFP (346 °C) > NIBs (292 °C) > NCM523 (290 °C) > NCM622 (281 °C), with LFP batteries exhibiting the highest thermal runaway critical temperature. NIBs have the lowest thermal runaway triggering energy (158 kJ), while LFP has the highest (592.8 kJ). During the thermal runaway of all four battery types, the primary gases produced include carbon dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethylene, propylene, and ethane. For NCM622 and NCM523, carbon monoxide is the dominant combustible gas, with volume fractions of 35% and 29%, respectively. In contrast, hydrogen is the main flammable gas for LFP and NIBs, with volume fractions of 44% and 30%, respectively. Among these, NIBs have the lowest lower flammability limit (LFL), indicating the highest explosion risk. The thermal runaway characteristics of 50 Ah batteries provide valuable insights for battery selection and design in energy storage applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6edc7c1e1e254285bca527d6014f81c3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2313-0105 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Batteries |
| spelling | doaj-art-6edc7c1e1e254285bca527d6014f81c32025-01-24T13:22:27ZengMDPI AGBatteries2313-01052025-01-011112410.3390/batteries11010024Research on the Thermal Runaway Behavior and Flammability Limits of Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion BatteriesChangbao Qi0Hewu Wang1Minghai Li2Cheng Li3Yalun Li4Chao Shi5Ningning Wei6Yan Wang7Huipeng Zhang8College of Zhan Tianyou, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaCollege of Zhan Tianyou, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaCollege of Zhan Tianyou, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, ChinaCollege of Zhan Tianyou, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, ChinaDepartment of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, ChinaBatteries are widely used in energy storage systems (ESS), and thermal runaway in different types of batteries presents varying safety risks. Therefore, comparative research on the thermal runaway behaviors of various batteries is essential. This study investigates the thermal runaway characteristics of sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), lithium iron phosphate batteries (LFP), and lithium-ion batteries with NCM523 and NCM622 cathodes. The experiments were conducted in a nitrogen-filled constant-volume sealed chamber. The results show that the critical surface temperatures at the time of thermal runaway are as follows: LFP (346 °C) > NIBs (292 °C) > NCM523 (290 °C) > NCM622 (281 °C), with LFP batteries exhibiting the highest thermal runaway critical temperature. NIBs have the lowest thermal runaway triggering energy (158 kJ), while LFP has the highest (592.8 kJ). During the thermal runaway of all four battery types, the primary gases produced include carbon dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethylene, propylene, and ethane. For NCM622 and NCM523, carbon monoxide is the dominant combustible gas, with volume fractions of 35% and 29%, respectively. In contrast, hydrogen is the main flammable gas for LFP and NIBs, with volume fractions of 44% and 30%, respectively. Among these, NIBs have the lowest lower flammability limit (LFL), indicating the highest explosion risk. The thermal runaway characteristics of 50 Ah batteries provide valuable insights for battery selection and design in energy storage applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/1/24lithium-ion batteriessodium-ion batteriesthermal runawaygas analysis |
| spellingShingle | Changbao Qi Hewu Wang Minghai Li Cheng Li Yalun Li Chao Shi Ningning Wei Yan Wang Huipeng Zhang Research on the Thermal Runaway Behavior and Flammability Limits of Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Batteries Batteries lithium-ion batteries sodium-ion batteries thermal runaway gas analysis |
| title | Research on the Thermal Runaway Behavior and Flammability Limits of Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Batteries |
| title_full | Research on the Thermal Runaway Behavior and Flammability Limits of Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Batteries |
| title_fullStr | Research on the Thermal Runaway Behavior and Flammability Limits of Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Batteries |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research on the Thermal Runaway Behavior and Flammability Limits of Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Batteries |
| title_short | Research on the Thermal Runaway Behavior and Flammability Limits of Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Batteries |
| title_sort | research on the thermal runaway behavior and flammability limits of sodium ion and lithium ion batteries |
| topic | lithium-ion batteries sodium-ion batteries thermal runaway gas analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/1/24 |
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