Antibacterial and Mosquito Repellent Potential of Eight Citrus Cultivars and Their Chemical Composition
Citrus fruit peels are a rich source of essential oils (EOs), which contain biologically active compounds; however, they are often discarded as waste, which causes pollution. The fresh peels of eight citrus cultivars growing in Pakistan were used to extract EOs through steam distillation. Gas chroma...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Horticulturae |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/11/1/9 |
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| author | Mehwish Nawaz Bait Ullah Muhammad Ghazanfar Abbas Muhammad Binyameen Violeta Apšegaitė Raimondas Mozūraitis Muhammad Azeem |
| author_facet | Mehwish Nawaz Bait Ullah Muhammad Ghazanfar Abbas Muhammad Binyameen Violeta Apšegaitė Raimondas Mozūraitis Muhammad Azeem |
| author_sort | Mehwish Nawaz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Citrus fruit peels are a rich source of essential oils (EOs), which contain biologically active compounds; however, they are often discarded as waste, which causes pollution. The fresh peels of eight citrus cultivars growing in Pakistan were used to extract EOs through steam distillation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of fresh peel EOs revealed that limonene was the most abundant compound, constituting 94.5%, 96.1%, 95.3%, 93.3%, 56.2%, 91.5%, 96.4%, and 96.7% of <i>Citrus jambhiri</i>, <i>C. aurantium</i>, <i>C. sinensis</i> var. Malta cv. Blood Malta, <i>C. sinensis</i> var. Malta cv. Shakri Malta, <i>C. limon</i>, <i>C. pseudolimon</i>, <i>C. reticulata</i> var. Mandarin cv. Feutrell’s Early, and <i>C. reticulata</i> var. Mandarin cv. Kinnow, respectively. The dried peel EO of <i>C. reticulata</i> var. Mandarin cv. Kinnow contained 95.2% limonene. <i>C. limon</i> peel EO exhibited the highest antibacterial activity among all citrus peel EOs with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 312 μg/mL against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The <i>C. aurantium</i> and <i>C. sinensis</i> var. Malta cv. Shakri Malta peel EOs exhibited the highest mosquito repellent activity against <i>Ae. aegypti</i> females, providing protection for 45 min when tested at a concentration of 166 µg/cm<sup>2</sup>. This study showed <i>C. aurantium</i> and Shakri Malta peel EOs could be used to formulate natural mosquito repellent. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6e61ccf0e723431d8bd62ca278f5e997 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj-art-6e61ccf0e723431d8bd62ca278f5e9972025-01-24T13:34:27ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242024-12-01111910.3390/horticulturae11010009Antibacterial and Mosquito Repellent Potential of Eight Citrus Cultivars and Their Chemical CompositionMehwish Nawaz0Bait Ullah1Muhammad Ghazanfar Abbas2Muhammad Binyameen3Violeta Apšegaitė4Raimondas Mozūraitis5Muhammad Azeem6Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, PakistanLaboratory of Insect Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanLaboratory of Insect Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanLaboratory of Chemical and Behavioral Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, LT-08412 Vilnius, LithuaniaLaboratory of Chemical and Behavioral Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, LT-08412 Vilnius, LithuaniaDepartment of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, PakistanCitrus fruit peels are a rich source of essential oils (EOs), which contain biologically active compounds; however, they are often discarded as waste, which causes pollution. The fresh peels of eight citrus cultivars growing in Pakistan were used to extract EOs through steam distillation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of fresh peel EOs revealed that limonene was the most abundant compound, constituting 94.5%, 96.1%, 95.3%, 93.3%, 56.2%, 91.5%, 96.4%, and 96.7% of <i>Citrus jambhiri</i>, <i>C. aurantium</i>, <i>C. sinensis</i> var. Malta cv. Blood Malta, <i>C. sinensis</i> var. Malta cv. Shakri Malta, <i>C. limon</i>, <i>C. pseudolimon</i>, <i>C. reticulata</i> var. Mandarin cv. Feutrell’s Early, and <i>C. reticulata</i> var. Mandarin cv. Kinnow, respectively. The dried peel EO of <i>C. reticulata</i> var. Mandarin cv. Kinnow contained 95.2% limonene. <i>C. limon</i> peel EO exhibited the highest antibacterial activity among all citrus peel EOs with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 312 μg/mL against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The <i>C. aurantium</i> and <i>C. sinensis</i> var. Malta cv. Shakri Malta peel EOs exhibited the highest mosquito repellent activity against <i>Ae. aegypti</i> females, providing protection for 45 min when tested at a concentration of 166 µg/cm<sup>2</sup>. This study showed <i>C. aurantium</i> and Shakri Malta peel EOs could be used to formulate natural mosquito repellent.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/11/1/9citrusessential oilrepellent<i>Aedes aegypti</i>antibacteriallimonene |
| spellingShingle | Mehwish Nawaz Bait Ullah Muhammad Ghazanfar Abbas Muhammad Binyameen Violeta Apšegaitė Raimondas Mozūraitis Muhammad Azeem Antibacterial and Mosquito Repellent Potential of Eight Citrus Cultivars and Their Chemical Composition Horticulturae citrus essential oil repellent <i>Aedes aegypti</i> antibacterial limonene |
| title | Antibacterial and Mosquito Repellent Potential of Eight Citrus Cultivars and Their Chemical Composition |
| title_full | Antibacterial and Mosquito Repellent Potential of Eight Citrus Cultivars and Their Chemical Composition |
| title_fullStr | Antibacterial and Mosquito Repellent Potential of Eight Citrus Cultivars and Their Chemical Composition |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antibacterial and Mosquito Repellent Potential of Eight Citrus Cultivars and Their Chemical Composition |
| title_short | Antibacterial and Mosquito Repellent Potential of Eight Citrus Cultivars and Their Chemical Composition |
| title_sort | antibacterial and mosquito repellent potential of eight citrus cultivars and their chemical composition |
| topic | citrus essential oil repellent <i>Aedes aegypti</i> antibacterial limonene |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/11/1/9 |
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