Human Serum Albumin and Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles as Carriers of 10-(2′-Pyrimidyl)-3,6-diazaphenothiazine: In Vitro Spectroscopic Studies
Human serum albumin (HSA) plays a fundamental role in the human body, including the transport of exogenous and endogenous substances. HSA is also a biopolymer with a great medical and pharmaceutical potential. Due to nontoxicity and biocompatibility, this protein can be used as a nanocarrier. 10-(2′...
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| author | Aleksandra Owczarzy Karolina Kulig Beata Morak-Młodawska Małgorzata Jeleń Tammam Muhammetoglu Wojciech Rogóż Małgorzata Maciążek-Jurczyk |
| author_facet | Aleksandra Owczarzy Karolina Kulig Beata Morak-Młodawska Małgorzata Jeleń Tammam Muhammetoglu Wojciech Rogóż Małgorzata Maciążek-Jurczyk |
| author_sort | Aleksandra Owczarzy |
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| description | Human serum albumin (HSA) plays a fundamental role in the human body, including the transport of exogenous and endogenous substances. HSA is also a biopolymer with a great medical and pharmaceutical potential. Due to nontoxicity and biocompatibility, this protein can be used as a nanocarrier. 10-(2′-Pyrimidyl)-3,6-diazaphenothiazine (10-Pyr-3,6-DAPT) is a phenothiazine showing high anticancer potential in vitro against glioma, melanoma and breast cancer cells. Additionally, this compound is characterized by selectivity of action towards MCF-7 breast cancer and has low cytotoxicity towards normal cells. Considering the promising pharmacological potential of this compound and using spectroscopic techniques, HSA and human serum albumin nanoparticles (HSA-NP) were tested as carriers of this molecule. Based on the obtained data and the appropriate mathematical models (Stern-Volmer and Klotz models), it can be concluded that 10-Pyr-3,6-DAPT probably forms a weak (K<sub>a</sub> = (5.24 ± 0.57) <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>×</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 10<sup>4</sup> and K<sub>a</sub> = (4.67 ± 0.59) <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>×</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 10<sup>4</sup>) for excitation wavelengths λ<sub>ex</sub> 275 nm and λ<sub>ex</sub> 295 nm, respectively) static complex (k<sub>q</sub> > 10<sup>10</sup>) with HSA (at Sudlow site II (subdomain IIIA), and the phenomenon of it having both strong therapeutic and toxic effects is possible. High encapsulation efficiency of 10-Pyr-3,6-DAPT into the HSA-NPs was obtained, and the changes in albumin secondary structure due to the presence of 10-Pyr-3,6-DAPT were registered. Based on the data presented, it can be concluded that due to the high toxic effects of 10-Pyr-3,6-DAPT, a better carrier may be HSA-NPs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6e5eef4d5bb84d63947db4aa2f32776d |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| spelling | doaj-art-6e5eef4d5bb84d63947db4aa2f32776d2025-01-24T13:43:34ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-01-0130231510.3390/molecules30020315Human Serum Albumin and Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles as Carriers of 10-(2′-Pyrimidyl)-3,6-diazaphenothiazine: In Vitro Spectroscopic StudiesAleksandra Owczarzy0Karolina Kulig1Beata Morak-Młodawska2Małgorzata Jeleń3Tammam Muhammetoglu4Wojciech Rogóż5Małgorzata Maciążek-Jurczyk6Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, PolandDepartment of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, PolandDepartment of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-005 Katowice, PolandDepartment of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-005 Katowice, PolandPavia University, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, PolandDepartment of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, PolandHuman serum albumin (HSA) plays a fundamental role in the human body, including the transport of exogenous and endogenous substances. HSA is also a biopolymer with a great medical and pharmaceutical potential. Due to nontoxicity and biocompatibility, this protein can be used as a nanocarrier. 10-(2′-Pyrimidyl)-3,6-diazaphenothiazine (10-Pyr-3,6-DAPT) is a phenothiazine showing high anticancer potential in vitro against glioma, melanoma and breast cancer cells. Additionally, this compound is characterized by selectivity of action towards MCF-7 breast cancer and has low cytotoxicity towards normal cells. Considering the promising pharmacological potential of this compound and using spectroscopic techniques, HSA and human serum albumin nanoparticles (HSA-NP) were tested as carriers of this molecule. Based on the obtained data and the appropriate mathematical models (Stern-Volmer and Klotz models), it can be concluded that 10-Pyr-3,6-DAPT probably forms a weak (K<sub>a</sub> = (5.24 ± 0.57) <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>×</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 10<sup>4</sup> and K<sub>a</sub> = (4.67 ± 0.59) <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>×</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 10<sup>4</sup>) for excitation wavelengths λ<sub>ex</sub> 275 nm and λ<sub>ex</sub> 295 nm, respectively) static complex (k<sub>q</sub> > 10<sup>10</sup>) with HSA (at Sudlow site II (subdomain IIIA), and the phenomenon of it having both strong therapeutic and toxic effects is possible. High encapsulation efficiency of 10-Pyr-3,6-DAPT into the HSA-NPs was obtained, and the changes in albumin secondary structure due to the presence of 10-Pyr-3,6-DAPT were registered. Based on the data presented, it can be concluded that due to the high toxic effects of 10-Pyr-3,6-DAPT, a better carrier may be HSA-NPs.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/315human serum albumin10-(2′-pyrimidyl)-3,6-diazafenothiazinenanoparticlesspectroscopy |
| spellingShingle | Aleksandra Owczarzy Karolina Kulig Beata Morak-Młodawska Małgorzata Jeleń Tammam Muhammetoglu Wojciech Rogóż Małgorzata Maciążek-Jurczyk Human Serum Albumin and Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles as Carriers of 10-(2′-Pyrimidyl)-3,6-diazaphenothiazine: In Vitro Spectroscopic Studies Molecules human serum albumin 10-(2′-pyrimidyl)-3,6-diazafenothiazine nanoparticles spectroscopy |
| title | Human Serum Albumin and Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles as Carriers of 10-(2′-Pyrimidyl)-3,6-diazaphenothiazine: In Vitro Spectroscopic Studies |
| title_full | Human Serum Albumin and Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles as Carriers of 10-(2′-Pyrimidyl)-3,6-diazaphenothiazine: In Vitro Spectroscopic Studies |
| title_fullStr | Human Serum Albumin and Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles as Carriers of 10-(2′-Pyrimidyl)-3,6-diazaphenothiazine: In Vitro Spectroscopic Studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human Serum Albumin and Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles as Carriers of 10-(2′-Pyrimidyl)-3,6-diazaphenothiazine: In Vitro Spectroscopic Studies |
| title_short | Human Serum Albumin and Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles as Carriers of 10-(2′-Pyrimidyl)-3,6-diazaphenothiazine: In Vitro Spectroscopic Studies |
| title_sort | human serum albumin and human serum albumin nanoparticles as carriers of 10 2 pyrimidyl 3 6 diazaphenothiazine in vitro spectroscopic studies |
| topic | human serum albumin 10-(2′-pyrimidyl)-3,6-diazafenothiazine nanoparticles spectroscopy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/315 |
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