High-Gain Miniaturized Multi-Band MIMO SSPP LWA for Vehicular Communications
This paper introduces a novel miniaturized, four-mode, semi-flexible leaky wave Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna specifically designed to advance vehicular communication systems. The proposed antenna addresses key challenges in 5G low- and high-frequency bands, including millimeter-wave...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Technologies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/13/2/66 |
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| author | Tale Saeidi Sahar Saleh Nick Timmons Christopher McDaid Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi Faroq Razzaz Saeid Karamzadeh |
| author_facet | Tale Saeidi Sahar Saleh Nick Timmons Christopher McDaid Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi Faroq Razzaz Saeid Karamzadeh |
| author_sort | Tale Saeidi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper introduces a novel miniaturized, four-mode, semi-flexible leaky wave Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna specifically designed to advance vehicular communication systems. The proposed antenna addresses key challenges in 5G low- and high-frequency bands, including millimeter-wave communication, by integrating innovative features such as a periodic Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Transmission Line (SSPP-TL) and logarithmic-spiral-like semi-circular strip patches parasitically fed via orthogonal ports. These design elements facilitate stable impedance matching and wide impedance bandwidths across operating bands, which is essential for vehicular networks. The hybrid combination of leaky wave and SSPP structures, along with a defected wide-slot ground structure and backside meander lines, enhances radiation characteristics by reducing back and bidirectional radiation. Additionally, a naturalization network incorporating chamfered-edge meander lines minimizes mutual coupling and introduces a fourth radiation mode at 80 GHz. Compact in size (14 × 12 × 0.25 mm<sup>3</sup>), the antenna achieves high-performance metrics, including S11 < −18.34 dB, dual-polarization, peak directive gains of 11.6 dBi (free space) and 14.6 dBi (on vehicles), isolation > 27 dB, Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) < 3, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) < 0.001, axial ratio < 2.25, and diversity gain (DG) > 9.85 dB. Extensive testing across various vehicular scenarios confirms the antenna’s robustness for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P), and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. Its exceptional performance ensures seamless connectivity with mobile networks and enhances safety through Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) compliance. This compact, high-performance antenna is a transformative solution for connected and autonomous vehicles, addressing critical challenges in modern automotive communication networks and paving the way for reliable and efficient vehicular communication systems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6de9f7b38b9e4fb0a8b1cfab1e4e720e |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2227-7080 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Technologies |
| spelling | doaj-art-6de9f7b38b9e4fb0a8b1cfab1e4e720e2025-08-20T03:12:07ZengMDPI AGTechnologies2227-70802025-02-011326610.3390/technologies13020066High-Gain Miniaturized Multi-Band MIMO SSPP LWA for Vehicular CommunicationsTale Saeidi0Sahar Saleh1Nick Timmons2Christopher McDaid3Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi4Faroq Razzaz5Saeid Karamzadeh6WiSAR Lab, Atlantic Technological University (ATU), F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Co. Donegal, IrelandWiSAR Lab, Atlantic Technological University (ATU), F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Co. Donegal, IrelandWiSAR Lab, Atlantic Technological University (ATU), F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Co. Donegal, IrelandWiSAR Lab, Atlantic Technological University (ATU), F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Co. Donegal, IrelandCentre of Telecommunication Research and Innovation (CeTRI), Faculty of Electronics and Computer Technology and Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, MalaysiaElectrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi ArabiaMillimeter Wave Technologies, Intelligent Wireless System, Silicon Austria Labs (SAL), 4040 Linz, AustriaThis paper introduces a novel miniaturized, four-mode, semi-flexible leaky wave Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna specifically designed to advance vehicular communication systems. The proposed antenna addresses key challenges in 5G low- and high-frequency bands, including millimeter-wave communication, by integrating innovative features such as a periodic Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Transmission Line (SSPP-TL) and logarithmic-spiral-like semi-circular strip patches parasitically fed via orthogonal ports. These design elements facilitate stable impedance matching and wide impedance bandwidths across operating bands, which is essential for vehicular networks. The hybrid combination of leaky wave and SSPP structures, along with a defected wide-slot ground structure and backside meander lines, enhances radiation characteristics by reducing back and bidirectional radiation. Additionally, a naturalization network incorporating chamfered-edge meander lines minimizes mutual coupling and introduces a fourth radiation mode at 80 GHz. Compact in size (14 × 12 × 0.25 mm<sup>3</sup>), the antenna achieves high-performance metrics, including S11 < −18.34 dB, dual-polarization, peak directive gains of 11.6 dBi (free space) and 14.6 dBi (on vehicles), isolation > 27 dB, Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) < 3, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) < 0.001, axial ratio < 2.25, and diversity gain (DG) > 9.85 dB. Extensive testing across various vehicular scenarios confirms the antenna’s robustness for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P), and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. Its exceptional performance ensures seamless connectivity with mobile networks and enhances safety through Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) compliance. This compact, high-performance antenna is a transformative solution for connected and autonomous vehicles, addressing critical challenges in modern automotive communication networks and paving the way for reliable and efficient vehicular communication systems.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/13/2/66vehicular communication5Gmm-waveSSPPMIMO LWAcircular polarization |
| spellingShingle | Tale Saeidi Sahar Saleh Nick Timmons Christopher McDaid Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi Faroq Razzaz Saeid Karamzadeh High-Gain Miniaturized Multi-Band MIMO SSPP LWA for Vehicular Communications Technologies vehicular communication 5G mm-wave SSPP MIMO LWA circular polarization |
| title | High-Gain Miniaturized Multi-Band MIMO SSPP LWA for Vehicular Communications |
| title_full | High-Gain Miniaturized Multi-Band MIMO SSPP LWA for Vehicular Communications |
| title_fullStr | High-Gain Miniaturized Multi-Band MIMO SSPP LWA for Vehicular Communications |
| title_full_unstemmed | High-Gain Miniaturized Multi-Band MIMO SSPP LWA for Vehicular Communications |
| title_short | High-Gain Miniaturized Multi-Band MIMO SSPP LWA for Vehicular Communications |
| title_sort | high gain miniaturized multi band mimo sspp lwa for vehicular communications |
| topic | vehicular communication 5G mm-wave SSPP MIMO LWA circular polarization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/13/2/66 |
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