Strain rebound and inhomogeneity in glass-to-metal seals: Radial vs axial strain evolution
Glass, as a widely used amorphous material, often undergoes pre-stressing during processing to enhance its stability, with glass-to-metal (GTM) seal being a prominent example. Despite extensive studies on residual stress/strain in sealing glass, critical gaps remain in decoupling directional strains...
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| Language: | English |
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AIP Publishing LLC
2025-01-01
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| Series: | AIP Advances |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0244711 |
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| author | Keqian Gong Zheng Liu Zifeng Song Chao Zhou Zhangjing Shi Siyue Nie Weisong Zhou He Yan Zhichun Fan Yong Zhang |
| author_facet | Keqian Gong Zheng Liu Zifeng Song Chao Zhou Zhangjing Shi Siyue Nie Weisong Zhou He Yan Zhichun Fan Yong Zhang |
| author_sort | Keqian Gong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Glass, as a widely used amorphous material, often undergoes pre-stressing during processing to enhance its stability, with glass-to-metal (GTM) seal being a prominent example. Despite extensive studies on residual stress/strain in sealing glass, critical gaps remain in decoupling directional strains and understanding their in situ evolution during the cooling process, especially with respect to their microstructural origins. This study employs advanced fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in situ monitoring to decouple and independently analyze radial and axial strain evolution, providing novel insights into the mechanical anisotropy of sealing glass. The results revealed significant directional strain inhomogeneity throughout the cooling process, with strain evolution characterized by five distinct phases: zero-strain, rapid strain increase, gradual strain increase, significant strain rebound, and strain stabilization. Notably, axial strain froze earlier than radial strain (590 °C vs 575 °C): a counterintuitive finding attributed to free volume (FV) dynamics within the glass. Both directions exhibited pronounced strain rebound at lower temperatures, driven by the accumulation of smaller rebound events, effectively explained by FV theory. Moreover, the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between the glass and the metal housing significantly amplified radial strain, resulting in marked directional differences in strain behavior. Finite element analysis further corroborated these findings, confirming more pronounced variations in axial strain compared to the more uniform behavior observed in radial strain. These results underscore the anisotropic mechanical response of sealing glass within GTM seals, emphasize the value of FBG in situ monitoring for understanding strain evolution, and provide insights into enhancing the reliability of GTM seals across various applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6d013d4b32454b0aad6ace2d2147a33b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2158-3226 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-6d013d4b32454b0aad6ace2d2147a33b2025-02-03T16:40:42ZengAIP Publishing LLCAIP Advances2158-32262025-01-01151015209015209-910.1063/5.0244711Strain rebound and inhomogeneity in glass-to-metal seals: Radial vs axial strain evolutionKeqian Gong0Zheng Liu1Zifeng Song2Chao Zhou3Zhangjing Shi4Siyue Nie5Weisong Zhou6He Yan7Zhichun Fan8Yong Zhang9Beijing Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaKey Laboratory of Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaSchool of Ocean Information Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaGlass, as a widely used amorphous material, often undergoes pre-stressing during processing to enhance its stability, with glass-to-metal (GTM) seal being a prominent example. Despite extensive studies on residual stress/strain in sealing glass, critical gaps remain in decoupling directional strains and understanding their in situ evolution during the cooling process, especially with respect to their microstructural origins. This study employs advanced fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in situ monitoring to decouple and independently analyze radial and axial strain evolution, providing novel insights into the mechanical anisotropy of sealing glass. The results revealed significant directional strain inhomogeneity throughout the cooling process, with strain evolution characterized by five distinct phases: zero-strain, rapid strain increase, gradual strain increase, significant strain rebound, and strain stabilization. Notably, axial strain froze earlier than radial strain (590 °C vs 575 °C): a counterintuitive finding attributed to free volume (FV) dynamics within the glass. Both directions exhibited pronounced strain rebound at lower temperatures, driven by the accumulation of smaller rebound events, effectively explained by FV theory. Moreover, the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between the glass and the metal housing significantly amplified radial strain, resulting in marked directional differences in strain behavior. Finite element analysis further corroborated these findings, confirming more pronounced variations in axial strain compared to the more uniform behavior observed in radial strain. These results underscore the anisotropic mechanical response of sealing glass within GTM seals, emphasize the value of FBG in situ monitoring for understanding strain evolution, and provide insights into enhancing the reliability of GTM seals across various applications.http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0244711 |
| spellingShingle | Keqian Gong Zheng Liu Zifeng Song Chao Zhou Zhangjing Shi Siyue Nie Weisong Zhou He Yan Zhichun Fan Yong Zhang Strain rebound and inhomogeneity in glass-to-metal seals: Radial vs axial strain evolution AIP Advances |
| title | Strain rebound and inhomogeneity in glass-to-metal seals: Radial vs axial strain evolution |
| title_full | Strain rebound and inhomogeneity in glass-to-metal seals: Radial vs axial strain evolution |
| title_fullStr | Strain rebound and inhomogeneity in glass-to-metal seals: Radial vs axial strain evolution |
| title_full_unstemmed | Strain rebound and inhomogeneity in glass-to-metal seals: Radial vs axial strain evolution |
| title_short | Strain rebound and inhomogeneity in glass-to-metal seals: Radial vs axial strain evolution |
| title_sort | strain rebound and inhomogeneity in glass to metal seals radial vs axial strain evolution |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0244711 |
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