Characterizing the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a comprehensive narrative review and implications in disease relapse
IntroductionTuberculosis remains the leading cause of death from infectious diseases among adults worldwide. To date, an overarching review of the immune response to Mtb in humans has not been fully elucidated, with innate immunity remaining poorly understood due to historic focus on adaptive immuni...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437901/full |
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| author | Fatima Rahman Fatima Rahman |
| author_facet | Fatima Rahman Fatima Rahman |
| author_sort | Fatima Rahman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionTuberculosis remains the leading cause of death from infectious diseases among adults worldwide. To date, an overarching review of the immune response to Mtb in humans has not been fully elucidated, with innate immunity remaining poorly understood due to historic focus on adaptive immunity. Specifically, there is a major gap concerning the contribution of the immune system to overall bacterial clearance, particularly residual bacteria. This review aims to describe the time course of interactions between the host immune system and Mtb, from the start of the infection to the development of the adaptive response. Concordantly, we aim to crystallize the pathogenic effects and immunoevasive mechanisms of Mtb. The translational value of animal data is also discussed.MethodsThe literature search was conducted in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases, which included reported research from 1990 until 2024. A total of 190 publications were selected and screened, of which 108 were used for abstraction and 86 were used for data extraction. Graphical summaries were created using the narrative information (i.e., recruitment, recognition, and response) to generate clear visual representations of the immune response at the cellular and molecular levels.ResultsThe key cellular players included airway epithelial cells, alveolar epithelial cells, neutrophils, natural killer cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and granulomatous lesions; the prominent molecular players included IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10. The paper also sheds light on the immune response to residual bacteria and applications of the data.DiscussionWe provide a comprehensive characterization of the key immune players that are implicated in pulmonary tuberculosis, in line with the organs or compartments in which mycobacteria reside, offering a broad vignette of the immune response to Mtb and how it responds to residual bacteria. Ultimately, the data presented could provide immunological insights to help establish optimized criteria for identifying efficacious treatment regimens and durations for relapse prevention in the modeling and simulation space and wider fields. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6bf00fcd9b9a4aff84c80c313f17f3bf |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-6bf00fcd9b9a4aff84c80c313f17f3bf2025-08-20T01:48:03ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242024-11-011510.3389/fimmu.2024.14379011437901Characterizing the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a comprehensive narrative review and implications in disease relapseFatima Rahman0Fatima Rahman1Department of Pharmacology, University College London, London, United KingdomIstituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, ItalyIntroductionTuberculosis remains the leading cause of death from infectious diseases among adults worldwide. To date, an overarching review of the immune response to Mtb in humans has not been fully elucidated, with innate immunity remaining poorly understood due to historic focus on adaptive immunity. Specifically, there is a major gap concerning the contribution of the immune system to overall bacterial clearance, particularly residual bacteria. This review aims to describe the time course of interactions between the host immune system and Mtb, from the start of the infection to the development of the adaptive response. Concordantly, we aim to crystallize the pathogenic effects and immunoevasive mechanisms of Mtb. The translational value of animal data is also discussed.MethodsThe literature search was conducted in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases, which included reported research from 1990 until 2024. A total of 190 publications were selected and screened, of which 108 were used for abstraction and 86 were used for data extraction. Graphical summaries were created using the narrative information (i.e., recruitment, recognition, and response) to generate clear visual representations of the immune response at the cellular and molecular levels.ResultsThe key cellular players included airway epithelial cells, alveolar epithelial cells, neutrophils, natural killer cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and granulomatous lesions; the prominent molecular players included IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10. The paper also sheds light on the immune response to residual bacteria and applications of the data.DiscussionWe provide a comprehensive characterization of the key immune players that are implicated in pulmonary tuberculosis, in line with the organs or compartments in which mycobacteria reside, offering a broad vignette of the immune response to Mtb and how it responds to residual bacteria. Ultimately, the data presented could provide immunological insights to help establish optimized criteria for identifying efficacious treatment regimens and durations for relapse prevention in the modeling and simulation space and wider fields.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437901/fullimmune responsetuberculosisadaptive immunityinnate immunitygranulomarelapse |
| spellingShingle | Fatima Rahman Fatima Rahman Characterizing the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a comprehensive narrative review and implications in disease relapse Frontiers in Immunology immune response tuberculosis adaptive immunity innate immunity granuloma relapse |
| title | Characterizing the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a comprehensive narrative review and implications in disease relapse |
| title_full | Characterizing the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a comprehensive narrative review and implications in disease relapse |
| title_fullStr | Characterizing the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a comprehensive narrative review and implications in disease relapse |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterizing the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a comprehensive narrative review and implications in disease relapse |
| title_short | Characterizing the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a comprehensive narrative review and implications in disease relapse |
| title_sort | characterizing the immune response to mycobacterium tuberculosis a comprehensive narrative review and implications in disease relapse |
| topic | immune response tuberculosis adaptive immunity innate immunity granuloma relapse |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437901/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fatimarahman characterizingtheimmuneresponsetomycobacteriumtuberculosisacomprehensivenarrativereviewandimplicationsindiseaserelapse AT fatimarahman characterizingtheimmuneresponsetomycobacteriumtuberculosisacomprehensivenarrativereviewandimplicationsindiseaserelapse |