Secrets of Kleiber’s and Maximum Metabolic Rate Allometries Revealed with a Link to Oxygen-Deficient Combustion Engineering
The biology literature addresses two puzzles: (i) the increase in specific metabolic rate of organs (SOrMR, W/kg of organ) with a decrease in body mass (M<sub>B</sub>) of biological species (BS), and (ii) how the organs recognize they are in a smaller or larger body and adjust metabolic...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Oxygen |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9801/5/2/6 |
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| Summary: | The biology literature addresses two puzzles: (i) the increase in specific metabolic rate of organs (SOrMR, W/kg of organ) with a decrease in body mass (M<sub>B</sub>) of biological species (BS), and (ii) how the organs recognize they are in a smaller or larger body and adjust metabolic rates of the body (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>q</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>B</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) accordingly. These puzzles were answered in the author’s earlier work by linking the field of oxygen-deficient combustion (ODC) of fuel particle clouds (FC) in engineering to the field of oxygen-deficient metabolism (ODM) of cell clouds (CC) in biology. The current work extends the ODM hypothesis to predict the whole-body metabolic rates of 114 BS and demonstrates Kleiber’s power law {<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>q</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>B</mi></msub><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mo> </mo><mi>a</mi><mo> </mo><mo> </mo><msup><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>B</mi></msub><mi>b</mi></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>}. The methodology is based on the postulate of Lindstedt and Schaeffer that “150 ton blue whale. and the 2 g Etruscan shrew.. share the same.. biochemical pathways” and involve the following steps: (i) extension of the effectiveness factor relation, expressed in terms of the dimensionless group number G (=Thiele Modulus<sup>2</sup>), from engineering to the organs of BS, (ii) modification of G as G<sub>OD</sub> for the biology literature as a measure of oxygen deficiency (OD), (iii) collection of data on organ and body masses of 116 species and prediction of SOrMR<sub>k</sub> of organ <i>k</i> of 114 BS (from 0.0076 kg Shrew to 6650 kg elephant) using only the SOrMR<sub>k</sub> and organ masses of two reference species (Shrew, 0.0076 kg: RS-1; Rat Wistar, 0.390 kg: RS-2), (iv) estimation of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>q</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>B</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for 114 species versus M<sub>B</sub> and demonstration of Kleiber’s law with a = 2.962, b = 0.747, and (v) extension of ODM to predict the allometric law for maximal metabolic rate (under exercise, {<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>q</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>M</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub><mo> </mo><mo> </mo><msup><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>B</mi></msub><mrow><msub><mi>b</mi><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>}) and validate the approach for MMR by comparing b<sub>MMR</sub> with the literature data. A method of detecting hypoxic condition of an organ as a precursor to cancer is suggested for use by medical personnel |
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| ISSN: | 2673-9801 |