Phylodynamic of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus and Tomato Chlorosis Virus, Two Emergent Viruses in Mixed Infections in Argentina

<i>Tobamovirus fructirugosum</i> (ToBRFV) and <i>Crinivirus tomatichlorosis</i> (ToCV) are emerging viral threats to tomato production worldwide, with expanding global distribution. Both viruses exhibit distinct biological characteristics and transmission mechanisms that infl...

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Main Authors: Julia M. Ibañez, Romina Zambrana, Pamela Carreras, Verónica Obregón, José M. Irazoqui, Pablo A. Vera, Tatiana E. Lattar, María D. Blanco Fernández, Andrea F. Puebla, Ariel F. Amadio, Carolina Torres, Paola M. López Lambertini
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Viruses
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/4/533
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author Julia M. Ibañez
Romina Zambrana
Pamela Carreras
Verónica Obregón
José M. Irazoqui
Pablo A. Vera
Tatiana E. Lattar
María D. Blanco Fernández
Andrea F. Puebla
Ariel F. Amadio
Carolina Torres
Paola M. López Lambertini
author_facet Julia M. Ibañez
Romina Zambrana
Pamela Carreras
Verónica Obregón
José M. Irazoqui
Pablo A. Vera
Tatiana E. Lattar
María D. Blanco Fernández
Andrea F. Puebla
Ariel F. Amadio
Carolina Torres
Paola M. López Lambertini
author_sort Julia M. Ibañez
collection DOAJ
description <i>Tobamovirus fructirugosum</i> (ToBRFV) and <i>Crinivirus tomatichlorosis</i> (ToCV) are emerging viral threats to tomato production worldwide, with expanding global distribution. Both viruses exhibit distinct biological characteristics and transmission mechanisms that influence their spread. This study aimed to reconstruct the complete genomes of ToBRFV and ToCV from infected tomato plants and wastewater samples in Argentina to explore their global evolutionary dynamics. Additionally, it compared the genetic diversity of ToBRFV in plant tissue and sewage samples. Using metagenomic analysis, the complete genome sequences of two ToBRFV isolates and two ToCV isolates from co-infected tomatoes, along with four ToBRFV isolates from sewage, were obtained. The analysis showed that ToBRFV exhibited higher genetic diversity in environmental samples than in plant samples. Phylodynamic analysis indicated that both viruses had a recent, single introduction in Argentina but predicted different times for ancestral diversification. The evolutionary analysis estimated that ToBRFV began its global diversification in June 2013 in Israel, with rapid diversification and exponential growth until 2020, after which the effective population size declined. Moreover, ToCV’s global expansion was characterized by exponential growth from 1979 to 2010, with Turkey identified as the most probable location with the current data available. This study highlights how sequencing and monitoring plant viruses can enhance our understanding of their global spread and impact on agriculture.
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spelling doaj-art-68d8b4fbe51d4a47a34b097e81d2a1c12025-08-20T02:25:12ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152025-04-0117453310.3390/v17040533Phylodynamic of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus and Tomato Chlorosis Virus, Two Emergent Viruses in Mixed Infections in ArgentinaJulia M. Ibañez0Romina Zambrana1Pamela Carreras2Verónica Obregón3José M. Irazoqui4Pablo A. Vera5Tatiana E. Lattar6María D. Blanco Fernández7Andrea F. Puebla8Ariel F. Amadio9Carolina Torres10Paola M. López Lambertini11Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bella Vista, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta 27-Km 38,3, Bella Vista, Corrientes 3432, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 4th floor, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1113, ArgentinaInstituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IPAVE-CIAP-INTA), Av. 11 de Septiembre, X5014MGO, Córdoba 4755, ArgentinaEstación Experimental Agropecuaria Bella Vista, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta 27-Km 38,3, Bella Vista, Corrientes 3432, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigaciones de la Cadena Láctea (IDICAL) INTA-CONICET, Ruta 34 km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe 2300, ArgentinaUnidad de Genómica y Bioinformática (UGB), Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), INTA-CONICET, De los Reseros y N. Repetto, Hurlingham, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1686, ArgentinaEstación Experimental Agropecuaria Bella Vista, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta 27-Km 38,3, Bella Vista, Corrientes 3432, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 4th floor, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1113, ArgentinaUnidad de Genómica y Bioinformática (UGB), Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), INTA-CONICET, De los Reseros y N. Repetto, Hurlingham, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1686, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigaciones de la Cadena Láctea (IDICAL) INTA-CONICET, Ruta 34 km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe 2300, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 4th floor, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1113, ArgentinaInstituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IPAVE-CIAP-INTA), Av. 11 de Septiembre, X5014MGO, Córdoba 4755, Argentina<i>Tobamovirus fructirugosum</i> (ToBRFV) and <i>Crinivirus tomatichlorosis</i> (ToCV) are emerging viral threats to tomato production worldwide, with expanding global distribution. Both viruses exhibit distinct biological characteristics and transmission mechanisms that influence their spread. This study aimed to reconstruct the complete genomes of ToBRFV and ToCV from infected tomato plants and wastewater samples in Argentina to explore their global evolutionary dynamics. Additionally, it compared the genetic diversity of ToBRFV in plant tissue and sewage samples. Using metagenomic analysis, the complete genome sequences of two ToBRFV isolates and two ToCV isolates from co-infected tomatoes, along with four ToBRFV isolates from sewage, were obtained. The analysis showed that ToBRFV exhibited higher genetic diversity in environmental samples than in plant samples. Phylodynamic analysis indicated that both viruses had a recent, single introduction in Argentina but predicted different times for ancestral diversification. The evolutionary analysis estimated that ToBRFV began its global diversification in June 2013 in Israel, with rapid diversification and exponential growth until 2020, after which the effective population size declined. Moreover, ToCV’s global expansion was characterized by exponential growth from 1979 to 2010, with Turkey identified as the most probable location with the current data available. This study highlights how sequencing and monitoring plant viruses can enhance our understanding of their global spread and impact on agriculture.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/4/533ToBRFVToCVtomatowastewater viromicsemerging viruseswhole-genome sequencing
spellingShingle Julia M. Ibañez
Romina Zambrana
Pamela Carreras
Verónica Obregón
José M. Irazoqui
Pablo A. Vera
Tatiana E. Lattar
María D. Blanco Fernández
Andrea F. Puebla
Ariel F. Amadio
Carolina Torres
Paola M. López Lambertini
Phylodynamic of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus and Tomato Chlorosis Virus, Two Emergent Viruses in Mixed Infections in Argentina
Viruses
ToBRFV
ToCV
tomato
wastewater viromics
emerging viruses
whole-genome sequencing
title Phylodynamic of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus and Tomato Chlorosis Virus, Two Emergent Viruses in Mixed Infections in Argentina
title_full Phylodynamic of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus and Tomato Chlorosis Virus, Two Emergent Viruses in Mixed Infections in Argentina
title_fullStr Phylodynamic of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus and Tomato Chlorosis Virus, Two Emergent Viruses in Mixed Infections in Argentina
title_full_unstemmed Phylodynamic of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus and Tomato Chlorosis Virus, Two Emergent Viruses in Mixed Infections in Argentina
title_short Phylodynamic of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus and Tomato Chlorosis Virus, Two Emergent Viruses in Mixed Infections in Argentina
title_sort phylodynamic of tomato brown rugose fruit virus and tomato chlorosis virus two emergent viruses in mixed infections in argentina
topic ToBRFV
ToCV
tomato
wastewater viromics
emerging viruses
whole-genome sequencing
url https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/4/533
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