Identification of Cognitive Training for Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review
<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by cardinal motor features and a multitude of non-motor manifestations. Among them, cognitive impairment in PD has been recognised as a defined clinical entity, and it might lead to an i...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Marina Francesca Gattoni Silvia Gobbo Sarah Feroldi Anna Salvatore Jorge Navarro Sandro Sorbi Francesca Lea Saibene |
| author_facet | Marina Francesca Gattoni Silvia Gobbo Sarah Feroldi Anna Salvatore Jorge Navarro Sandro Sorbi Francesca Lea Saibene |
| author_sort | Marina Francesca Gattoni |
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| description | <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by cardinal motor features and a multitude of non-motor manifestations. Among them, cognitive impairment in PD has been recognised as a defined clinical entity, and it might lead to an increased risk of developing dementia. Consequently, the present review aimed to ascertain the available interventions for the training of cognitive abilities in persons with PD (PwPD). <b>Methods</b>: PRISMA guidelines were followed to select studies in the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Two independent reviewers conducted the different phases of the review, and a third expert was called in to address any doubts/conflicts. Randomised controlled trials and randomised clinical trials concerning cognitive training with cognitive outcomes in PwPD were selected. <b>Results</b>: A total of 28 articles were included. The considered studies applied various experimental interventions for the training of cognitive functions in PwPD: computer-based platforms, exergames, paper-and-pencil programmes, dual-task or treadmill training with action observation therapy, motor imagery, and virtual reality components, interventions targeting precise cognitive domain, tele-rehabilitation, transcranial direct current stimulation, structured cognitive training, and multimodal treatments. Cognitive functions were assessed employing neuropsychological tests, self-report questionnaires, and computerised batteries. <b>Conclusions</b>: Overall, the review reported better performances in the experimental groups compared to the control groups, in several cognitive domains. Structured cognitive training emerged as the most effective strategy to enhance cognitive functioning in PwPD. However, further studies are necessary to determine the most appropriate and useful training and to develop interventions that also consider patients’ quality of life. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-67ce291ca11b4ca7bd460e6215de371b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-67ce291ca11b4ca7bd460e6215de371b2025-01-24T13:25:51ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252025-01-011516110.3390/brainsci15010061Identification of Cognitive Training for Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic ReviewMarina Francesca Gattoni0Silvia Gobbo1Sarah Feroldi2Anna Salvatore3Jorge Navarro4Sandro Sorbi5Francesca Lea Saibene6IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, ItalyIRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, ItalyIRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, ItalyIRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, ItalyIRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Florence, ItalyIRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by cardinal motor features and a multitude of non-motor manifestations. Among them, cognitive impairment in PD has been recognised as a defined clinical entity, and it might lead to an increased risk of developing dementia. Consequently, the present review aimed to ascertain the available interventions for the training of cognitive abilities in persons with PD (PwPD). <b>Methods</b>: PRISMA guidelines were followed to select studies in the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Two independent reviewers conducted the different phases of the review, and a third expert was called in to address any doubts/conflicts. Randomised controlled trials and randomised clinical trials concerning cognitive training with cognitive outcomes in PwPD were selected. <b>Results</b>: A total of 28 articles were included. The considered studies applied various experimental interventions for the training of cognitive functions in PwPD: computer-based platforms, exergames, paper-and-pencil programmes, dual-task or treadmill training with action observation therapy, motor imagery, and virtual reality components, interventions targeting precise cognitive domain, tele-rehabilitation, transcranial direct current stimulation, structured cognitive training, and multimodal treatments. Cognitive functions were assessed employing neuropsychological tests, self-report questionnaires, and computerised batteries. <b>Conclusions</b>: Overall, the review reported better performances in the experimental groups compared to the control groups, in several cognitive domains. Structured cognitive training emerged as the most effective strategy to enhance cognitive functioning in PwPD. However, further studies are necessary to determine the most appropriate and useful training and to develop interventions that also consider patients’ quality of life.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/1/61Parkinson’s diseasePDcognitive trainingcognitive rehabilitationcognitive functionscognition |
| spellingShingle | Marina Francesca Gattoni Silvia Gobbo Sarah Feroldi Anna Salvatore Jorge Navarro Sandro Sorbi Francesca Lea Saibene Identification of Cognitive Training for Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review Brain Sciences Parkinson’s disease PD cognitive training cognitive rehabilitation cognitive functions cognition |
| title | Identification of Cognitive Training for Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review |
| title_full | Identification of Cognitive Training for Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review |
| title_fullStr | Identification of Cognitive Training for Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification of Cognitive Training for Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review |
| title_short | Identification of Cognitive Training for Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review |
| title_sort | identification of cognitive training for individuals with parkinson s disease a systematic review |
| topic | Parkinson’s disease PD cognitive training cognitive rehabilitation cognitive functions cognition |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/1/61 |
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