Infection Frequency and Allelic Variants of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> in Wildlife from the Panama Canal Zone
Panama has a large number of wild animal species, which could host a highly diverse amount of genetic variants of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> (<i>T. gondii</i>). In this context, we highlight the importance of understanding the population structure of <i>T. gondii</i>...
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MDPI AG
2024-10-01
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| Series: | Microbiology Research |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/15/4/136 |
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| author | Evelyn Henríquez-Carrizo Hector Cruz Alessandra Jurado Diorene Smith Delba Villalobos-Cerrud Lorena Fábrega Carolina de la Guardia Ryan Cano Ricardo Correa Edy Frías Anabel Argelis García Nivia Ríos Nidia Sandoval Alex O. Martínez Torres Armando Castillo-Pimentel Zuleima Caballero E. |
| author_facet | Evelyn Henríquez-Carrizo Hector Cruz Alessandra Jurado Diorene Smith Delba Villalobos-Cerrud Lorena Fábrega Carolina de la Guardia Ryan Cano Ricardo Correa Edy Frías Anabel Argelis García Nivia Ríos Nidia Sandoval Alex O. Martínez Torres Armando Castillo-Pimentel Zuleima Caballero E. |
| author_sort | Evelyn Henríquez-Carrizo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Panama has a large number of wild animal species, which could host a highly diverse amount of genetic variants of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> (<i>T. gondii</i>). In this context, we highlight the importance of understanding the population structure of <i>T. gondii</i> in Panamanian wildlife and the genetic variants that can be rapidly transferred to domestic environments. This study analyzed the infection frequency and allelic composition of <i>T. gondii</i> in different tissue samples from wild animals. The infection frequency was measured by the PCR technique using the B1 gene as a molecular marker. The results showed a high frequency (65.6%) of infection in tissue samples collected from 221 wild animals. Stratified analyses for bird and mammal samples showed positivity rates of 67.2% and 70.12%, respectively, with no statistically significant differences. Infection frequency was also measured in five types of organs (brain, liver, heart, lung, and skeletal muscle), which showed homogeneous frequencies. The genetic diversity of the <i>T. gondii</i> population contained in the tissues of wild animals was analyzed by the Multilocus Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique, using five genes called SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, GRA6, and Apico. This analysis revealed the presence of alleles of these genes corresponding to <i>T. gondii</i> lineages I, II, and III. Allele III was only identified with the Apico gene in a single reptile individual analyzed. Our findings indicated diverse allelic distribution at the analyzed loci, suggesting that the tissues were probably infected by non-archetypal individuals of <i>T. gondii</i>. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6799acaf6180460682286a7719789d4b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2036-7481 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microbiology Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-6799acaf6180460682286a7719789d4b2025-01-31T10:08:49ZengMDPI AGMicrobiology Research2036-74812024-10-011542035204710.3390/microbiolres15040136Infection Frequency and Allelic Variants of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> in Wildlife from the Panama Canal ZoneEvelyn Henríquez-Carrizo0Hector Cruz1Alessandra Jurado2Diorene Smith3Delba Villalobos-Cerrud4Lorena Fábrega5Carolina de la Guardia6Ryan Cano7Ricardo Correa8Edy Frías9Anabel Argelis García10Nivia Ríos11Nidia Sandoval12Alex O. Martínez Torres13Armando Castillo-Pimentel14Zuleima Caballero E.15Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá 0843-01103, PanamaCentro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá 0843-01103, PanamaCentro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá 0843-01103, PanamaParque Municipal Summit, Ciudad de Panamá 0816-07728, PanamaCentro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá 0843-01103, PanamaCentro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá 0843-01103, PanamaCentro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá 0843-01103, PanamaCentro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá 0843-01103, PanamaCentro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá 0843-01103, PanamaCentro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá 0843-01103, PanamaCentro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá 0843-01103, PanamaPrograma de Maestría en Microbiología Ambiental, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá 3366, PanamaPrograma de Maestría en Microbiología Ambiental, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá 3366, PanamaPrograma de Maestría en Microbiología Ambiental, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá 3366, PanamaCentro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá 0843-01103, PanamaCentro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá 0843-01103, PanamaPanama has a large number of wild animal species, which could host a highly diverse amount of genetic variants of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> (<i>T. gondii</i>). In this context, we highlight the importance of understanding the population structure of <i>T. gondii</i> in Panamanian wildlife and the genetic variants that can be rapidly transferred to domestic environments. This study analyzed the infection frequency and allelic composition of <i>T. gondii</i> in different tissue samples from wild animals. The infection frequency was measured by the PCR technique using the B1 gene as a molecular marker. The results showed a high frequency (65.6%) of infection in tissue samples collected from 221 wild animals. Stratified analyses for bird and mammal samples showed positivity rates of 67.2% and 70.12%, respectively, with no statistically significant differences. Infection frequency was also measured in five types of organs (brain, liver, heart, lung, and skeletal muscle), which showed homogeneous frequencies. The genetic diversity of the <i>T. gondii</i> population contained in the tissues of wild animals was analyzed by the Multilocus Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique, using five genes called SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, GRA6, and Apico. This analysis revealed the presence of alleles of these genes corresponding to <i>T. gondii</i> lineages I, II, and III. Allele III was only identified with the Apico gene in a single reptile individual analyzed. Our findings indicated diverse allelic distribution at the analyzed loci, suggesting that the tissues were probably infected by non-archetypal individuals of <i>T. gondii</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/15/4/136<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>frequencyalleleswildlifePanamadiversity |
| spellingShingle | Evelyn Henríquez-Carrizo Hector Cruz Alessandra Jurado Diorene Smith Delba Villalobos-Cerrud Lorena Fábrega Carolina de la Guardia Ryan Cano Ricardo Correa Edy Frías Anabel Argelis García Nivia Ríos Nidia Sandoval Alex O. Martínez Torres Armando Castillo-Pimentel Zuleima Caballero E. Infection Frequency and Allelic Variants of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> in Wildlife from the Panama Canal Zone Microbiology Research <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> frequency alleles wildlife Panama diversity |
| title | Infection Frequency and Allelic Variants of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> in Wildlife from the Panama Canal Zone |
| title_full | Infection Frequency and Allelic Variants of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> in Wildlife from the Panama Canal Zone |
| title_fullStr | Infection Frequency and Allelic Variants of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> in Wildlife from the Panama Canal Zone |
| title_full_unstemmed | Infection Frequency and Allelic Variants of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> in Wildlife from the Panama Canal Zone |
| title_short | Infection Frequency and Allelic Variants of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> in Wildlife from the Panama Canal Zone |
| title_sort | infection frequency and allelic variants of em toxoplasma gondii em in wildlife from the panama canal zone |
| topic | <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> frequency alleles wildlife Panama diversity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/15/4/136 |
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