Human-Specific Endogenous Retroviruses
This review focuses on a small family of human-specific genomic repetitive elements, presented by 134 members that shaped ~330 kb of the human DNA. Although modest in terms of its copy number, this group appeared to modify the human genome activity by endogenizing ~50 functional copies of viral gene...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2007-01-01
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| Series: | The Scientific World Journal |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.270 |
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| author | Anton Buzdin |
| author_facet | Anton Buzdin |
| author_sort | Anton Buzdin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This review focuses on a small family of human-specific genomic repetitive elements, presented by 134 members that shaped ~330 kb of the human DNA. Although modest in terms of its copy number, this group appeared to modify the human genome activity by endogenizing ~50 functional copies of viral genes that may have important implications in the immune response, cancer progression, and antiretroviral host defense. A total of 134 potential promoters and enhancers have been added to the human DNA, about 50% of them in the close gene vicinity and 22% in gene introns. For 60 such human-specific promoters, their activity was confirmed by in vivo assays, with the transcriptional level varying ~1000-fold from hardly detectable to as high as ~3% of β-actin transcript level. New polyadenylation signals have been provided to four human RNAs, and a number of potential antisense regulators of known human genes appeared due to human-specific retroviral insertional activity. This information is given here in the context of other major genomic changes underlining differences between human and chimpanzee DNAs. Finally, a comprehensive database, is available for download, of human-specific and polymorphic endogenous retroviruses is presented, which encompasses the data on their genomic localization, primary structure, encoded viral genes, human gene neighborhood, transcriptional activity, and methylation status. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6632477808244f38b4161bf0c826c2e1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1537-744X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2007-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Scientific World Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-6632477808244f38b4161bf0c826c2e12025-02-03T06:11:31ZengWileyThe Scientific World Journal1537-744X2007-01-0171848186810.1100/tsw.2007.270Human-Specific Endogenous RetrovirusesAnton Buzdin0Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117871, RussiaThis review focuses on a small family of human-specific genomic repetitive elements, presented by 134 members that shaped ~330 kb of the human DNA. Although modest in terms of its copy number, this group appeared to modify the human genome activity by endogenizing ~50 functional copies of viral genes that may have important implications in the immune response, cancer progression, and antiretroviral host defense. A total of 134 potential promoters and enhancers have been added to the human DNA, about 50% of them in the close gene vicinity and 22% in gene introns. For 60 such human-specific promoters, their activity was confirmed by in vivo assays, with the transcriptional level varying ~1000-fold from hardly detectable to as high as ~3% of β-actin transcript level. New polyadenylation signals have been provided to four human RNAs, and a number of potential antisense regulators of known human genes appeared due to human-specific retroviral insertional activity. This information is given here in the context of other major genomic changes underlining differences between human and chimpanzee DNAs. Finally, a comprehensive database, is available for download, of human-specific and polymorphic endogenous retroviruses is presented, which encompasses the data on their genomic localization, primary structure, encoded viral genes, human gene neighborhood, transcriptional activity, and methylation status.http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.270 |
| spellingShingle | Anton Buzdin Human-Specific Endogenous Retroviruses The Scientific World Journal |
| title | Human-Specific Endogenous Retroviruses |
| title_full | Human-Specific Endogenous Retroviruses |
| title_fullStr | Human-Specific Endogenous Retroviruses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human-Specific Endogenous Retroviruses |
| title_short | Human-Specific Endogenous Retroviruses |
| title_sort | human specific endogenous retroviruses |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.270 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT antonbuzdin humanspecificendogenousretroviruses |