The Spatial Impact of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Pollution on Economic Growth from 2012 to 2022: Evidence from Satellite and Provincial-Level Data in Thailand
This study examines the spatial relationship of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations across provinces in Thailand and explores the relationship between socio-economic factors and PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels from 2012 to 2022. The study results indicate that PM<sub>2.5</sub>...
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Urban Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2413-8851/9/4/110 |
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| Summary: | This study examines the spatial relationship of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations across provinces in Thailand and explores the relationship between socio-economic factors and PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels from 2012 to 2022. The study results indicate that PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution in Thailand is spatially clustered, meaning that PM<sub>2.5</sub> spills over into nearby provinces and is not confined to a single area. The factors that positively affect PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations include population density and energy consumption per capita, while industrial density has a negative effect on PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels. Additionally, an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) analysis found that the Gross Provincial Product (GPP) per capita has a U-shaped relationship with the PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration. In the initial stage of economic growth, as the GPP per capita increases, PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations gradually decrease. However, once income reaches USD 56,715 and the economy becomes significantly large, further increases in GPP per capita lead to rising PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations. In other words, during the early phase of economic development, PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution does not intensify significantly. However, once Thailand’s economy reaches a certain scale, continued economic expansion exacerbates PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution, leading to greater economic and social consequences. The study highlights the importance of integrated collaboration among various organizations in mitigating the widespread impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution. |
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| ISSN: | 2413-8851 |