The Impact of Training Intervention on Levels of Indicator Bacteria and Prevalence of Selected Pathogens in Raw Milk From Smallholder Women Dairy Farmers in Central Ethiopia
Contamination of milk is a serious public health risk, particularly in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Training is a tool for improving the quality and safety of milk. However, its effect on the microbial quality and safety of milk has not been well documented. This study assessed the impact...
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Elsevier
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Journal of Food Protection |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X24002308 |
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| author | Achenef Melaku Beyene Seleshe Nigatu Juan C. Archila-Godinez Kebede Amenu Barbara Kowalcyk Desalegne Degefaw Binyam Mogess Baye Gelaw Mucheye Gizachew Araya Mengistu Ahmed G. Abdelhamid James Barkley Ahmed Yousef |
| author_facet | Achenef Melaku Beyene Seleshe Nigatu Juan C. Archila-Godinez Kebede Amenu Barbara Kowalcyk Desalegne Degefaw Binyam Mogess Baye Gelaw Mucheye Gizachew Araya Mengistu Ahmed G. Abdelhamid James Barkley Ahmed Yousef |
| author_sort | Achenef Melaku Beyene |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Contamination of milk is a serious public health risk, particularly in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Training is a tool for improving the quality and safety of milk. However, its effect on the microbial quality and safety of milk has not been well documented. This study assessed the impact of training interventions on the microbial quality and safety of milk, with a specific focus on smallholder dairy farms. The study was conducted from January to June 2022 in four locations in Central Ethiopia. Milk samples were collected from 120 dairy farmers one week before and four to six weeks after the training and analyzed for total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), Salmonella enterica, and Campylobacter jejuni. Total and thermotolerant coliforms were determined by the Most Probable Number (MPN) method; categorized as high (≥1,001 MPN/ml), medium (101 103 MPN/ml), low (21–102 MPN/ml), and very low (≤20 MPN/ml); and analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. Prevalence of E. coli, STEC, S. enterica, and C. jejuni in raw milk samples were 67, 12, 3, and 4% pretraining and 45, 4, 3, and 2% posttraining, respectively. The prevalence of E. coli (p = 0.0389) and STEC (p = 0.0005) was significantly lower posttraining compared to pretraining. Most samples had total coliform counts exceeding 103 MPN/ml pretraining (71%); this proportion decreased to 62% posttraining. The estimated cumulative probability of being in the high category was marginally significantly higher (p = 0.0581) pretraining (76%) compared to posttraining (64%). In conclusion, reductions in the detection of some milk quality and safety parameters were observed. However, a considerable proportion of the milk samples were highly contaminated even after the training. Hence, comprehensive and continued risk mitigation strategies are needed to ensure milk safety for consumers. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-656faddf7dc84e6b89d73d5211007b32 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0362-028X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Journal of Food Protection |
| spelling | doaj-art-656faddf7dc84e6b89d73d5211007b322025-02-02T05:26:43ZengElsevierJournal of Food Protection0362-028X2025-02-01882100446The Impact of Training Intervention on Levels of Indicator Bacteria and Prevalence of Selected Pathogens in Raw Milk From Smallholder Women Dairy Farmers in Central EthiopiaAchenef Melaku Beyene0Seleshe Nigatu1Juan C. Archila-Godinez2Kebede Amenu3Barbara Kowalcyk4Desalegne Degefaw5Binyam Mogess6Baye Gelaw7Mucheye Gizachew8Araya Mengistu9Ahmed G. Abdelhamid10James Barkley11Ahmed Yousef12Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Corresponding author.Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCenter for Foodborne Illness Research and Prevention, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USAAnimal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, EthiopiaCenter for Foodborne Illness Research and Prevention, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA; Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USAThe Ohio State University, Global One Health Initiative, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaThe Ohio State University, Global One Health Initiative, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaDepartment of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaDepartment of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USADepartment of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USADepartment of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USAContamination of milk is a serious public health risk, particularly in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Training is a tool for improving the quality and safety of milk. However, its effect on the microbial quality and safety of milk has not been well documented. This study assessed the impact of training interventions on the microbial quality and safety of milk, with a specific focus on smallholder dairy farms. The study was conducted from January to June 2022 in four locations in Central Ethiopia. Milk samples were collected from 120 dairy farmers one week before and four to six weeks after the training and analyzed for total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), Salmonella enterica, and Campylobacter jejuni. Total and thermotolerant coliforms were determined by the Most Probable Number (MPN) method; categorized as high (≥1,001 MPN/ml), medium (101 103 MPN/ml), low (21–102 MPN/ml), and very low (≤20 MPN/ml); and analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. Prevalence of E. coli, STEC, S. enterica, and C. jejuni in raw milk samples were 67, 12, 3, and 4% pretraining and 45, 4, 3, and 2% posttraining, respectively. The prevalence of E. coli (p = 0.0389) and STEC (p = 0.0005) was significantly lower posttraining compared to pretraining. Most samples had total coliform counts exceeding 103 MPN/ml pretraining (71%); this proportion decreased to 62% posttraining. The estimated cumulative probability of being in the high category was marginally significantly higher (p = 0.0581) pretraining (76%) compared to posttraining (64%). In conclusion, reductions in the detection of some milk quality and safety parameters were observed. However, a considerable proportion of the milk samples were highly contaminated even after the training. Hence, comprehensive and continued risk mitigation strategies are needed to ensure milk safety for consumers.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X24002308Central EthiopiaIndicator bacteriaPathogenic bacteriaRaw milkTrainingWomen dairy farmers |
| spellingShingle | Achenef Melaku Beyene Seleshe Nigatu Juan C. Archila-Godinez Kebede Amenu Barbara Kowalcyk Desalegne Degefaw Binyam Mogess Baye Gelaw Mucheye Gizachew Araya Mengistu Ahmed G. Abdelhamid James Barkley Ahmed Yousef The Impact of Training Intervention on Levels of Indicator Bacteria and Prevalence of Selected Pathogens in Raw Milk From Smallholder Women Dairy Farmers in Central Ethiopia Journal of Food Protection Central Ethiopia Indicator bacteria Pathogenic bacteria Raw milk Training Women dairy farmers |
| title | The Impact of Training Intervention on Levels of Indicator Bacteria and Prevalence of Selected Pathogens in Raw Milk From Smallholder Women Dairy Farmers in Central Ethiopia |
| title_full | The Impact of Training Intervention on Levels of Indicator Bacteria and Prevalence of Selected Pathogens in Raw Milk From Smallholder Women Dairy Farmers in Central Ethiopia |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of Training Intervention on Levels of Indicator Bacteria and Prevalence of Selected Pathogens in Raw Milk From Smallholder Women Dairy Farmers in Central Ethiopia |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of Training Intervention on Levels of Indicator Bacteria and Prevalence of Selected Pathogens in Raw Milk From Smallholder Women Dairy Farmers in Central Ethiopia |
| title_short | The Impact of Training Intervention on Levels of Indicator Bacteria and Prevalence of Selected Pathogens in Raw Milk From Smallholder Women Dairy Farmers in Central Ethiopia |
| title_sort | impact of training intervention on levels of indicator bacteria and prevalence of selected pathogens in raw milk from smallholder women dairy farmers in central ethiopia |
| topic | Central Ethiopia Indicator bacteria Pathogenic bacteria Raw milk Training Women dairy farmers |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X24002308 |
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