Integral Linear Quadratic Regulator Sliding Mode Control for Inverted Pendulum Actuated by Stepper Motor

Stabilization and tracking problems for cart inverted pendulums under disturbances and uncertainties have posed significant challenges for control engineers. While various controllers have been designed for an inverted pendulum, they often overlook the calibration error of the pendulum angle in prac...

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Main Authors: Hiep Dai Le, Tamara Nestorović
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Machines
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/13/5/405
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author Hiep Dai Le
Tamara Nestorović
author_facet Hiep Dai Le
Tamara Nestorović
author_sort Hiep Dai Le
collection DOAJ
description Stabilization and tracking problems for cart inverted pendulums under disturbances and uncertainties have posed significant challenges for control engineers. While various controllers have been designed for an inverted pendulum, they often overlook the calibration error of the pendulum angle in practical implementations, which degrades the control performance. Incorrect calibration of the pendulum angle in upright equilibrium position generates an offset of cart position errors. To solve this problem, an augmented model comprising integral cart position errors was first constructed. Afterwards, a sliding mode control was designed for this system based on a linear quadratic controller, to facilitate implementation. Additionally, a stepper motor was employed in the inverted pendulum to enhance the control performance and widen applicability in industrial settings. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed controller were validated by means of experimental studies, focusing on stabilization control and tracking control of a cart inverted pendulum actuated by a stepper motor.
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institution Kabale University
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language English
publishDate 2025-05-01
publisher MDPI AG
record_format Article
series Machines
spelling doaj-art-64b00c8bb52f4b2bb6f9cd799ba7e2b52025-08-20T03:47:58ZengMDPI AGMachines2075-17022025-05-0113540510.3390/machines13050405Integral Linear Quadratic Regulator Sliding Mode Control for Inverted Pendulum Actuated by Stepper MotorHiep Dai Le0Tamara Nestorović1Mechanics of Adaptive Systems Department, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, GermanyMechanics of Adaptive Systems Department, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, GermanyStabilization and tracking problems for cart inverted pendulums under disturbances and uncertainties have posed significant challenges for control engineers. While various controllers have been designed for an inverted pendulum, they often overlook the calibration error of the pendulum angle in practical implementations, which degrades the control performance. Incorrect calibration of the pendulum angle in upright equilibrium position generates an offset of cart position errors. To solve this problem, an augmented model comprising integral cart position errors was first constructed. Afterwards, a sliding mode control was designed for this system based on a linear quadratic controller, to facilitate implementation. Additionally, a stepper motor was employed in the inverted pendulum to enhance the control performance and widen applicability in industrial settings. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed controller were validated by means of experimental studies, focusing on stabilization control and tracking control of a cart inverted pendulum actuated by a stepper motor.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/13/5/405inverted pendulumsliding mode controlunder-actuated system
spellingShingle Hiep Dai Le
Tamara Nestorović
Integral Linear Quadratic Regulator Sliding Mode Control for Inverted Pendulum Actuated by Stepper Motor
Machines
inverted pendulum
sliding mode control
under-actuated system
title Integral Linear Quadratic Regulator Sliding Mode Control for Inverted Pendulum Actuated by Stepper Motor
title_full Integral Linear Quadratic Regulator Sliding Mode Control for Inverted Pendulum Actuated by Stepper Motor
title_fullStr Integral Linear Quadratic Regulator Sliding Mode Control for Inverted Pendulum Actuated by Stepper Motor
title_full_unstemmed Integral Linear Quadratic Regulator Sliding Mode Control for Inverted Pendulum Actuated by Stepper Motor
title_short Integral Linear Quadratic Regulator Sliding Mode Control for Inverted Pendulum Actuated by Stepper Motor
title_sort integral linear quadratic regulator sliding mode control for inverted pendulum actuated by stepper motor
topic inverted pendulum
sliding mode control
under-actuated system
url https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/13/5/405
work_keys_str_mv AT hiepdaile integrallinearquadraticregulatorslidingmodecontrolforinvertedpendulumactuatedbysteppermotor
AT tamaranestorovic integrallinearquadraticregulatorslidingmodecontrolforinvertedpendulumactuatedbysteppermotor