Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups.

The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used self-report measure of subjective well-being, but studies of its measurement invariance across a large number of nations remain limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset-with data collected between 2020 and 2022 -to as...

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Main Authors: Viren Swami, Stefan Stieger, Martin Voracek, Toivo Aavik, Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar, Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo, Reza Afhami, Oli Ahmed, Annie Aimé, Marwan Akel, Hussam Al Halbusi, George Alexias, Khawla F Ali, Nursel Alp-Dal, Anas B Alsalhani, Sara Álvarez-Solas, Ana Carolina Soares Amaral, Sonny Andrianto, Trefor Aspden, Marios Argyrides, John Jamir Benzon R Aruta, Stephen Atkin, Olusola Ayandele, Migle Baceviciene, Radvan Bahbouh, Andrea Ballesio, David Barron, Ashleigh Bellard, Sóley Sesselja Bender, Kerime Derya Beydaǧ, Gorana Birovljević, Marie-Ève Blackburn, Teresita Borja-Alvarez, Joanna Borowiec, Miroslava Bozogáňová, Solfrid Bratland-Sanda, Matthew H E M Browning, Anna Brytek-Matera, Marina Burakova, Yeliz Çakır-Koçak, Pablo Camacho, Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri, Valentina Cazzato, Silvia Cerea, Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich, Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon, Tim Chambers, Qing-Wei Chen, Xin Chen, Chin-Lung Chien, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit, Bovornpot Choompunuch, Emilio J Compte, Jennifer Corrigan, Getrude Cosmas, Richard G Cowden, Kamila Czepczor-Bernat, Marcin Czub, Wanderson Roberto da Silva, Mahboubeh Dadfar, Simon E Dalley, Lionel Dany, Jesus Alfonso D Datu, Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho, Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho, Avila Odia S De Jesus, Sonia Harzallah Debbabi, Sandesh Dhakal, Francesca Di Bernardo, Donka D Dimitrova, Jacinthe Dion, Barnaby Dixson, Stacey M Donofrio, Marius Drysch, Hongfei Du, Angel M Dzhambov, Claire El-Jor, Violeta Enea, Mehmet Eskin, Farinaz Farbod, Lorleen Farrugia, Leonie Fian, Maryanne L Fisher, Michał Folwarczny, David A Frederick, Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Adrian Furnham, Antonio Alías García, Shulamit Geller, Marta Ghisi, Alireza Ghorbani, Maria Angeles Gomez Martinez, Sarah Gradidge, Sylvie Graf, Caterina Grano, Gyöngyvér Gyene, Souheil Hallit, Motasem Hamdan, Jonathan E Handelzalts, Paul H P Hanel, Steven R Hawks, Issa Hekmati, Mai Helmy, Tetiana Hill, Farah Hina, Geraldine Holenweger, Martina Hřebíčková, Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi, Asma Imam, Başak İnce, Natalia Irrazabal, Rasa Jankauskiene, Ding-Yu Jiang, Micaela Jiménez-Borja, Verónica Jiménez-Borja, Evan M Johnson, Veljko Jovanović, Marija Jović, Marko Jović, Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira, Lisa-Marie Kahle, Adam Kantanista, Ahmet Karakiraz, Ayşe Nur Karkin, Erich Kasten, Salam Khatib, Nuannut Khieowan, Patricia Joseph Kimong, Litza Kiropoulos, Joshua Knittel, Neena Kohli, Mirjam Koprivnik, Aituar Kospakov, Magdalena Król-Zielińska, Isabel Krug, Garry Kuan, Yee Cheng Kueh, Omar Kujan, Miljana Kukić, Sanjay Kumar, Vipul Kumar, Nishtha Lamba, Mary Anne Lauri, Maria Fernanda Laus, Liza April LeBlanc, Hyejoo J Lee, Małgorzata Lipowska, Mariusz Lipowski, Caterina Lombardo, Andrea Lukács, Christophe Maïano, Sadia Malik, Mandar Manjary, Lidia Márquez Baldó, Martha Martinez-Banfi, Karlijn Massar, Camilla Matera, Olivia McAnirlin, Moisés Roberto Mebarak, Anwar Mechri, Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles, Norbert Mesko, Jacqueline Mills, Maya Miyairi, Ritu Modi, Adriana Modrzejewska, Justyna Modrzejewska, Kate E Mulgrew, Taryn A Myers, Hikari Namatame, Mohammad Zakaria Nassani, Amanda Nerini, Félix Neto, Joana Neto, Angela Nogueira Neves, Siu-Kuen Ng, Devi Nithiya, Jiaqing O, Sahar Obeid, Camila Oda-Montecinos, Peter Olamakinde Olapegba, Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin, Salma Samir Omar, Brynja Örlygsdóttir, Emrah Özsoy, Tobias Otterbring, Sabine Pahl, Maria Serena Panasiti, Yonguk Park, Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary, Tatiana Pethö, Nadezhda Petrova, Jakob Pietschnig, Sadaf Pourmahmoud, Vishnunarayan Girishan Prabhu, Vita Poštuvan, Pavol Prokop, Virginia L Ramseyer Winter, Magdalena Razmus, Taotao Ru, Mirjana Rupar, Reza N Sahlan, Mohammad Salah Hassan, Anđela Šalov, Saphal Sapkota, Jacob Owusu Sarfo, Yoko Sawamiya, Katrin Schaefer, Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Veya Seekis, Kerim Selvi, Mehdi Sharifi, Anita Shrivastava, Rumana Ferdousi Siddique, Valdimar Sigurdsson, Vineta Silkane, Ana Šimunić, Govind Singh, Alena Slezáčková, Christine Sundgot-Borgen, Gill Ten Hoor, Passagorn Tevichapong, Arun Tipandjan, Jennifer Todd, Constantinos Togas, Fernando Tonini, Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro, Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud, Pankaj Tripathi, Otilia Tudorel, Tracy L Tylka, Anar Uyzbayeva, Zahir Vally, Edmunds Vanags, Luis Diego Vega, Aitor Vicente-Arruebarrena, Jose Vidal-Mollón, Roosevelt Vilar, Hyxia Villegas, Mona Vintilă, Christoph Wallner, Mathew P White, Simon Whitebridge, Sonja Windhager, Kah Yan Wong, Eric Kenson Yau, Yuko Yamamiya, Victoria Wai Lan Yeung, Marcelo Callegari Zanetti, Magdalena Zawisza, Nadine Zeeni, Martina Zvaríková, Ulrich S Tran
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2025-01-01
Series:PLoS ONE
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313107
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author Viren Swami
Stefan Stieger
Martin Voracek
Toivo Aavik
Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar
Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo
Reza Afhami
Oli Ahmed
Annie Aimé
Marwan Akel
Hussam Al Halbusi
George Alexias
Khawla F Ali
Nursel Alp-Dal
Anas B Alsalhani
Sara Álvarez-Solas
Ana Carolina Soares Amaral
Sonny Andrianto
Trefor Aspden
Marios Argyrides
John Jamir Benzon R Aruta
Stephen Atkin
Olusola Ayandele
Migle Baceviciene
Radvan Bahbouh
Andrea Ballesio
David Barron
Ashleigh Bellard
Sóley Sesselja Bender
Kerime Derya Beydaǧ
Gorana Birovljević
Marie-Ève Blackburn
Teresita Borja-Alvarez
Joanna Borowiec
Miroslava Bozogáňová
Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
Matthew H E M Browning
Anna Brytek-Matera
Marina Burakova
Yeliz Çakır-Koçak
Pablo Camacho
Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri
Valentina Cazzato
Silvia Cerea
Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich
Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon
Tim Chambers
Qing-Wei Chen
Xin Chen
Chin-Lung Chien
Phatthanakit Chobthamkit
Bovornpot Choompunuch
Emilio J Compte
Jennifer Corrigan
Getrude Cosmas
Richard G Cowden
Kamila Czepczor-Bernat
Marcin Czub
Wanderson Roberto da Silva
Mahboubeh Dadfar
Simon E Dalley
Lionel Dany
Jesus Alfonso D Datu
Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho
Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho
Avila Odia S De Jesus
Sonia Harzallah Debbabi
Sandesh Dhakal
Francesca Di Bernardo
Donka D Dimitrova
Jacinthe Dion
Barnaby Dixson
Stacey M Donofrio
Marius Drysch
Hongfei Du
Angel M Dzhambov
Claire El-Jor
Violeta Enea
Mehmet Eskin
Farinaz Farbod
Lorleen Farrugia
Leonie Fian
Maryanne L Fisher
Michał Folwarczny
David A Frederick
Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
Adrian Furnham
Antonio Alías García
Shulamit Geller
Marta Ghisi
Alireza Ghorbani
Maria Angeles Gomez Martinez
Sarah Gradidge
Sylvie Graf
Caterina Grano
Gyöngyvér Gyene
Souheil Hallit
Motasem Hamdan
Jonathan E Handelzalts
Paul H P Hanel
Steven R Hawks
Issa Hekmati
Mai Helmy
Tetiana Hill
Farah Hina
Geraldine Holenweger
Martina Hřebíčková
Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi
Asma Imam
Başak İnce
Natalia Irrazabal
Rasa Jankauskiene
Ding-Yu Jiang
Micaela Jiménez-Borja
Verónica Jiménez-Borja
Evan M Johnson
Veljko Jovanović
Marija Jović
Marko Jović
Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira
Lisa-Marie Kahle
Adam Kantanista
Ahmet Karakiraz
Ayşe Nur Karkin
Erich Kasten
Salam Khatib
Nuannut Khieowan
Patricia Joseph Kimong
Litza Kiropoulos
Joshua Knittel
Neena Kohli
Mirjam Koprivnik
Aituar Kospakov
Magdalena Król-Zielińska
Isabel Krug
Garry Kuan
Yee Cheng Kueh
Omar Kujan
Miljana Kukić
Sanjay Kumar
Vipul Kumar
Nishtha Lamba
Mary Anne Lauri
Maria Fernanda Laus
Liza April LeBlanc
Hyejoo J Lee
Małgorzata Lipowska
Mariusz Lipowski
Caterina Lombardo
Andrea Lukács
Christophe Maïano
Sadia Malik
Mandar Manjary
Lidia Márquez Baldó
Martha Martinez-Banfi
Karlijn Massar
Camilla Matera
Olivia McAnirlin
Moisés Roberto Mebarak
Anwar Mechri
Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles
Norbert Mesko
Jacqueline Mills
Maya Miyairi
Ritu Modi
Adriana Modrzejewska
Justyna Modrzejewska
Kate E Mulgrew
Taryn A Myers
Hikari Namatame
Mohammad Zakaria Nassani
Amanda Nerini
Félix Neto
Joana Neto
Angela Nogueira Neves
Siu-Kuen Ng
Devi Nithiya
Jiaqing O
Sahar Obeid
Camila Oda-Montecinos
Peter Olamakinde Olapegba
Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin
Salma Samir Omar
Brynja Örlygsdóttir
Emrah Özsoy
Tobias Otterbring
Sabine Pahl
Maria Serena Panasiti
Yonguk Park
Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary
Tatiana Pethö
Nadezhda Petrova
Jakob Pietschnig
Sadaf Pourmahmoud
Vishnunarayan Girishan Prabhu
Vita Poštuvan
Pavol Prokop
Virginia L Ramseyer Winter
Magdalena Razmus
Taotao Ru
Mirjana Rupar
Reza N Sahlan
Mohammad Salah Hassan
Anđela Šalov
Saphal Sapkota
Jacob Owusu Sarfo
Yoko Sawamiya
Katrin Schaefer
Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck
Veya Seekis
Kerim Selvi
Mehdi Sharifi
Anita Shrivastava
Rumana Ferdousi Siddique
Valdimar Sigurdsson
Vineta Silkane
Ana Šimunić
Govind Singh
Alena Slezáčková
Christine Sundgot-Borgen
Gill Ten Hoor
Passagorn Tevichapong
Arun Tipandjan
Jennifer Todd
Constantinos Togas
Fernando Tonini
Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro
Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud
Pankaj Tripathi
Otilia Tudorel
Tracy L Tylka
Anar Uyzbayeva
Zahir Vally
Edmunds Vanags
Luis Diego Vega
Aitor Vicente-Arruebarrena
Jose Vidal-Mollón
Roosevelt Vilar
Hyxia Villegas
Mona Vintilă
Christoph Wallner
Mathew P White
Simon Whitebridge
Sonja Windhager
Kah Yan Wong
Eric Kenson Yau
Yuko Yamamiya
Victoria Wai Lan Yeung
Marcelo Callegari Zanetti
Magdalena Zawisza
Nadine Zeeni
Martina Zvaríková
Ulrich S Tran
author_facet Viren Swami
Stefan Stieger
Martin Voracek
Toivo Aavik
Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar
Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo
Reza Afhami
Oli Ahmed
Annie Aimé
Marwan Akel
Hussam Al Halbusi
George Alexias
Khawla F Ali
Nursel Alp-Dal
Anas B Alsalhani
Sara Álvarez-Solas
Ana Carolina Soares Amaral
Sonny Andrianto
Trefor Aspden
Marios Argyrides
John Jamir Benzon R Aruta
Stephen Atkin
Olusola Ayandele
Migle Baceviciene
Radvan Bahbouh
Andrea Ballesio
David Barron
Ashleigh Bellard
Sóley Sesselja Bender
Kerime Derya Beydaǧ
Gorana Birovljević
Marie-Ève Blackburn
Teresita Borja-Alvarez
Joanna Borowiec
Miroslava Bozogáňová
Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
Matthew H E M Browning
Anna Brytek-Matera
Marina Burakova
Yeliz Çakır-Koçak
Pablo Camacho
Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri
Valentina Cazzato
Silvia Cerea
Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich
Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon
Tim Chambers
Qing-Wei Chen
Xin Chen
Chin-Lung Chien
Phatthanakit Chobthamkit
Bovornpot Choompunuch
Emilio J Compte
Jennifer Corrigan
Getrude Cosmas
Richard G Cowden
Kamila Czepczor-Bernat
Marcin Czub
Wanderson Roberto da Silva
Mahboubeh Dadfar
Simon E Dalley
Lionel Dany
Jesus Alfonso D Datu
Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho
Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho
Avila Odia S De Jesus
Sonia Harzallah Debbabi
Sandesh Dhakal
Francesca Di Bernardo
Donka D Dimitrova
Jacinthe Dion
Barnaby Dixson
Stacey M Donofrio
Marius Drysch
Hongfei Du
Angel M Dzhambov
Claire El-Jor
Violeta Enea
Mehmet Eskin
Farinaz Farbod
Lorleen Farrugia
Leonie Fian
Maryanne L Fisher
Michał Folwarczny
David A Frederick
Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
Adrian Furnham
Antonio Alías García
Shulamit Geller
Marta Ghisi
Alireza Ghorbani
Maria Angeles Gomez Martinez
Sarah Gradidge
Sylvie Graf
Caterina Grano
Gyöngyvér Gyene
Souheil Hallit
Motasem Hamdan
Jonathan E Handelzalts
Paul H P Hanel
Steven R Hawks
Issa Hekmati
Mai Helmy
Tetiana Hill
Farah Hina
Geraldine Holenweger
Martina Hřebíčková
Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi
Asma Imam
Başak İnce
Natalia Irrazabal
Rasa Jankauskiene
Ding-Yu Jiang
Micaela Jiménez-Borja
Verónica Jiménez-Borja
Evan M Johnson
Veljko Jovanović
Marija Jović
Marko Jović
Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira
Lisa-Marie Kahle
Adam Kantanista
Ahmet Karakiraz
Ayşe Nur Karkin
Erich Kasten
Salam Khatib
Nuannut Khieowan
Patricia Joseph Kimong
Litza Kiropoulos
Joshua Knittel
Neena Kohli
Mirjam Koprivnik
Aituar Kospakov
Magdalena Król-Zielińska
Isabel Krug
Garry Kuan
Yee Cheng Kueh
Omar Kujan
Miljana Kukić
Sanjay Kumar
Vipul Kumar
Nishtha Lamba
Mary Anne Lauri
Maria Fernanda Laus
Liza April LeBlanc
Hyejoo J Lee
Małgorzata Lipowska
Mariusz Lipowski
Caterina Lombardo
Andrea Lukács
Christophe Maïano
Sadia Malik
Mandar Manjary
Lidia Márquez Baldó
Martha Martinez-Banfi
Karlijn Massar
Camilla Matera
Olivia McAnirlin
Moisés Roberto Mebarak
Anwar Mechri
Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles
Norbert Mesko
Jacqueline Mills
Maya Miyairi
Ritu Modi
Adriana Modrzejewska
Justyna Modrzejewska
Kate E Mulgrew
Taryn A Myers
Hikari Namatame
Mohammad Zakaria Nassani
Amanda Nerini
Félix Neto
Joana Neto
Angela Nogueira Neves
Siu-Kuen Ng
Devi Nithiya
Jiaqing O
Sahar Obeid
Camila Oda-Montecinos
Peter Olamakinde Olapegba
Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin
Salma Samir Omar
Brynja Örlygsdóttir
Emrah Özsoy
Tobias Otterbring
Sabine Pahl
Maria Serena Panasiti
Yonguk Park
Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary
Tatiana Pethö
Nadezhda Petrova
Jakob Pietschnig
Sadaf Pourmahmoud
Vishnunarayan Girishan Prabhu
Vita Poštuvan
Pavol Prokop
Virginia L Ramseyer Winter
Magdalena Razmus
Taotao Ru
Mirjana Rupar
Reza N Sahlan
Mohammad Salah Hassan
Anđela Šalov
Saphal Sapkota
Jacob Owusu Sarfo
Yoko Sawamiya
Katrin Schaefer
Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck
Veya Seekis
Kerim Selvi
Mehdi Sharifi
Anita Shrivastava
Rumana Ferdousi Siddique
Valdimar Sigurdsson
Vineta Silkane
Ana Šimunić
Govind Singh
Alena Slezáčková
Christine Sundgot-Borgen
Gill Ten Hoor
Passagorn Tevichapong
Arun Tipandjan
Jennifer Todd
Constantinos Togas
Fernando Tonini
Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro
Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud
Pankaj Tripathi
Otilia Tudorel
Tracy L Tylka
Anar Uyzbayeva
Zahir Vally
Edmunds Vanags
Luis Diego Vega
Aitor Vicente-Arruebarrena
Jose Vidal-Mollón
Roosevelt Vilar
Hyxia Villegas
Mona Vintilă
Christoph Wallner
Mathew P White
Simon Whitebridge
Sonja Windhager
Kah Yan Wong
Eric Kenson Yau
Yuko Yamamiya
Victoria Wai Lan Yeung
Marcelo Callegari Zanetti
Magdalena Zawisza
Nadine Zeeni
Martina Zvaríková
Ulrich S Tran
author_sort Viren Swami
collection DOAJ
description The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used self-report measure of subjective well-being, but studies of its measurement invariance across a large number of nations remain limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset-with data collected between 2020 and 2022 -to assess measurement invariance of the SWLS across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). All participants completed the SWLS under largely uniform conditions. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that configural and metric invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional SWLS model has universal applicability. Full scalar invariance was achieved across gender identities and age groups. Based on alignment optimisation methods, partial scalar invariance was achieved across all but three national groups and across all languages represented in the BINS. There were large differences in latent SWLS means across nations and languages, but negligible-to-small differences across gender identities and age groups. Across nations, greater life satisfaction was significantly associated with greater financial security and being in a committed relationship or married. The results of this study suggest that the SWLS largely assesses a common unidimensional construct of life satisfaction irrespective of respondent characteristics (i.e., national group, gender identities, and age group) or survey presentation (i.e., survey language). This has important implications for the assessment of life satisfaction across nations and provides information that will be useful for practitioners aiming to promote subjective well-being internationally.
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series PLoS ONE
spelling doaj-art-6454ac2dea864436b0e7880d67e1c5f12025-02-05T05:31:09ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032025-01-01201e031310710.1371/journal.pone.0313107Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups.Viren SwamiStefan StiegerMartin VoracekToivo AavikHamed Abdollahpour RanjbarSulaiman Olanrewaju AdebayoReza AfhamiOli AhmedAnnie AiméMarwan AkelHussam Al HalbusiGeorge AlexiasKhawla F AliNursel Alp-DalAnas B AlsalhaniSara Álvarez-SolasAna Carolina Soares AmaralSonny AndriantoTrefor AspdenMarios ArgyridesJohn Jamir Benzon R ArutaStephen AtkinOlusola AyandeleMigle BacevicieneRadvan BahbouhAndrea BallesioDavid BarronAshleigh BellardSóley Sesselja BenderKerime Derya BeydaǧGorana BirovljevićMarie-Ève BlackburnTeresita Borja-AlvarezJoanna BorowiecMiroslava BozogáňováSolfrid Bratland-SandaMatthew H E M BrowningAnna Brytek-MateraMarina BurakovaYeliz Çakır-KoçakPablo CamachoVittorio Emanuele CamilleriValentina CazzatoSilvia CereaApitchaya ChaiwutikornwanichTrawin ChaleeraktrakoonTim ChambersQing-Wei ChenXin ChenChin-Lung ChienPhatthanakit ChobthamkitBovornpot ChoompunuchEmilio J CompteJennifer CorriganGetrude CosmasRichard G CowdenKamila Czepczor-BernatMarcin CzubWanderson Roberto da SilvaMahboubeh DadfarSimon E DalleyLionel DanyJesus Alfonso D DatuPedro Henrique Berbert de CarvalhoGabriel Lins de Holanda CoelhoAvila Odia S De JesusSonia Harzallah DebbabiSandesh DhakalFrancesca Di BernardoDonka D DimitrovaJacinthe DionBarnaby DixsonStacey M DonofrioMarius DryschHongfei DuAngel M DzhambovClaire El-JorVioleta EneaMehmet EskinFarinaz FarbodLorleen FarrugiaLeonie FianMaryanne L FisherMichał FolwarcznyDavid A FrederickMatthew Fuller-TyszkiewiczAdrian FurnhamAntonio Alías GarcíaShulamit GellerMarta GhisiAlireza GhorbaniMaria Angeles Gomez MartinezSarah GradidgeSylvie GrafCaterina GranoGyöngyvér GyeneSouheil HallitMotasem HamdanJonathan E HandelzaltsPaul H P HanelSteven R HawksIssa HekmatiMai HelmyTetiana HillFarah HinaGeraldine HolenwegerMartina HřebíčkováOlasupo Augustine IjabadeniyiAsma ImamBaşak İnceNatalia IrrazabalRasa JankauskieneDing-Yu JiangMicaela Jiménez-BorjaVerónica Jiménez-BorjaEvan M JohnsonVeljko JovanovićMarija JovićMarko JovićAlessandra Costa Pereira JunqueiraLisa-Marie KahleAdam KantanistaAhmet KarakirazAyşe Nur KarkinErich KastenSalam KhatibNuannut KhieowanPatricia Joseph KimongLitza KiropoulosJoshua KnittelNeena KohliMirjam KoprivnikAituar KospakovMagdalena Król-ZielińskaIsabel KrugGarry KuanYee Cheng KuehOmar KujanMiljana KukićSanjay KumarVipul KumarNishtha LambaMary Anne LauriMaria Fernanda LausLiza April LeBlancHyejoo J LeeMałgorzata LipowskaMariusz LipowskiCaterina LombardoAndrea LukácsChristophe MaïanoSadia MalikMandar ManjaryLidia Márquez BaldóMartha Martinez-BanfiKarlijn MassarCamilla MateraOlivia McAnirlinMoisés Roberto MebarakAnwar MechriJuliana Fernandes Filgueiras MeirelesNorbert MeskoJacqueline MillsMaya MiyairiRitu ModiAdriana ModrzejewskaJustyna ModrzejewskaKate E MulgrewTaryn A MyersHikari NamatameMohammad Zakaria NassaniAmanda NeriniFélix NetoJoana NetoAngela Nogueira NevesSiu-Kuen NgDevi NithiyaJiaqing OSahar ObeidCamila Oda-MontecinosPeter Olamakinde OlapegbaTosin Tunrayo OlonisakinSalma Samir OmarBrynja ÖrlygsdóttirEmrah ÖzsoyTobias OtterbringSabine PahlMaria Serena PanasitiYonguk ParkMuhammad Mainuddin PatwaryTatiana PethöNadezhda PetrovaJakob PietschnigSadaf PourmahmoudVishnunarayan Girishan PrabhuVita PoštuvanPavol ProkopVirginia L Ramseyer WinterMagdalena RazmusTaotao RuMirjana RuparReza N SahlanMohammad Salah HassanAnđela ŠalovSaphal SapkotaJacob Owusu SarfoYoko SawamiyaKatrin SchaeferMichael Schulte-MecklenbeckVeya SeekisKerim SelviMehdi SharifiAnita ShrivastavaRumana Ferdousi SiddiqueValdimar SigurdssonVineta SilkaneAna ŠimunićGovind SinghAlena SlezáčkováChristine Sundgot-BorgenGill Ten HoorPassagorn TevichapongArun TipandjanJennifer ToddConstantinos TogasFernando ToniniJuan Camilo Tovar-CastroLise Katrine Jepsen TrangsrudPankaj TripathiOtilia TudorelTracy L TylkaAnar UyzbayevaZahir VallyEdmunds VanagsLuis Diego VegaAitor Vicente-ArruebarrenaJose Vidal-MollónRoosevelt VilarHyxia VillegasMona VintilăChristoph WallnerMathew P WhiteSimon WhitebridgeSonja WindhagerKah Yan WongEric Kenson YauYuko YamamiyaVictoria Wai Lan YeungMarcelo Callegari ZanettiMagdalena ZawiszaNadine ZeeniMartina ZvaríkováUlrich S TranThe Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used self-report measure of subjective well-being, but studies of its measurement invariance across a large number of nations remain limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset-with data collected between 2020 and 2022 -to assess measurement invariance of the SWLS across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). All participants completed the SWLS under largely uniform conditions. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that configural and metric invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional SWLS model has universal applicability. Full scalar invariance was achieved across gender identities and age groups. Based on alignment optimisation methods, partial scalar invariance was achieved across all but three national groups and across all languages represented in the BINS. There were large differences in latent SWLS means across nations and languages, but negligible-to-small differences across gender identities and age groups. Across nations, greater life satisfaction was significantly associated with greater financial security and being in a committed relationship or married. The results of this study suggest that the SWLS largely assesses a common unidimensional construct of life satisfaction irrespective of respondent characteristics (i.e., national group, gender identities, and age group) or survey presentation (i.e., survey language). This has important implications for the assessment of life satisfaction across nations and provides information that will be useful for practitioners aiming to promote subjective well-being internationally.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313107
spellingShingle Viren Swami
Stefan Stieger
Martin Voracek
Toivo Aavik
Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar
Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo
Reza Afhami
Oli Ahmed
Annie Aimé
Marwan Akel
Hussam Al Halbusi
George Alexias
Khawla F Ali
Nursel Alp-Dal
Anas B Alsalhani
Sara Álvarez-Solas
Ana Carolina Soares Amaral
Sonny Andrianto
Trefor Aspden
Marios Argyrides
John Jamir Benzon R Aruta
Stephen Atkin
Olusola Ayandele
Migle Baceviciene
Radvan Bahbouh
Andrea Ballesio
David Barron
Ashleigh Bellard
Sóley Sesselja Bender
Kerime Derya Beydaǧ
Gorana Birovljević
Marie-Ève Blackburn
Teresita Borja-Alvarez
Joanna Borowiec
Miroslava Bozogáňová
Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
Matthew H E M Browning
Anna Brytek-Matera
Marina Burakova
Yeliz Çakır-Koçak
Pablo Camacho
Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri
Valentina Cazzato
Silvia Cerea
Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich
Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon
Tim Chambers
Qing-Wei Chen
Xin Chen
Chin-Lung Chien
Phatthanakit Chobthamkit
Bovornpot Choompunuch
Emilio J Compte
Jennifer Corrigan
Getrude Cosmas
Richard G Cowden
Kamila Czepczor-Bernat
Marcin Czub
Wanderson Roberto da Silva
Mahboubeh Dadfar
Simon E Dalley
Lionel Dany
Jesus Alfonso D Datu
Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho
Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho
Avila Odia S De Jesus
Sonia Harzallah Debbabi
Sandesh Dhakal
Francesca Di Bernardo
Donka D Dimitrova
Jacinthe Dion
Barnaby Dixson
Stacey M Donofrio
Marius Drysch
Hongfei Du
Angel M Dzhambov
Claire El-Jor
Violeta Enea
Mehmet Eskin
Farinaz Farbod
Lorleen Farrugia
Leonie Fian
Maryanne L Fisher
Michał Folwarczny
David A Frederick
Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
Adrian Furnham
Antonio Alías García
Shulamit Geller
Marta Ghisi
Alireza Ghorbani
Maria Angeles Gomez Martinez
Sarah Gradidge
Sylvie Graf
Caterina Grano
Gyöngyvér Gyene
Souheil Hallit
Motasem Hamdan
Jonathan E Handelzalts
Paul H P Hanel
Steven R Hawks
Issa Hekmati
Mai Helmy
Tetiana Hill
Farah Hina
Geraldine Holenweger
Martina Hřebíčková
Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi
Asma Imam
Başak İnce
Natalia Irrazabal
Rasa Jankauskiene
Ding-Yu Jiang
Micaela Jiménez-Borja
Verónica Jiménez-Borja
Evan M Johnson
Veljko Jovanović
Marija Jović
Marko Jović
Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira
Lisa-Marie Kahle
Adam Kantanista
Ahmet Karakiraz
Ayşe Nur Karkin
Erich Kasten
Salam Khatib
Nuannut Khieowan
Patricia Joseph Kimong
Litza Kiropoulos
Joshua Knittel
Neena Kohli
Mirjam Koprivnik
Aituar Kospakov
Magdalena Król-Zielińska
Isabel Krug
Garry Kuan
Yee Cheng Kueh
Omar Kujan
Miljana Kukić
Sanjay Kumar
Vipul Kumar
Nishtha Lamba
Mary Anne Lauri
Maria Fernanda Laus
Liza April LeBlanc
Hyejoo J Lee
Małgorzata Lipowska
Mariusz Lipowski
Caterina Lombardo
Andrea Lukács
Christophe Maïano
Sadia Malik
Mandar Manjary
Lidia Márquez Baldó
Martha Martinez-Banfi
Karlijn Massar
Camilla Matera
Olivia McAnirlin
Moisés Roberto Mebarak
Anwar Mechri
Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles
Norbert Mesko
Jacqueline Mills
Maya Miyairi
Ritu Modi
Adriana Modrzejewska
Justyna Modrzejewska
Kate E Mulgrew
Taryn A Myers
Hikari Namatame
Mohammad Zakaria Nassani
Amanda Nerini
Félix Neto
Joana Neto
Angela Nogueira Neves
Siu-Kuen Ng
Devi Nithiya
Jiaqing O
Sahar Obeid
Camila Oda-Montecinos
Peter Olamakinde Olapegba
Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin
Salma Samir Omar
Brynja Örlygsdóttir
Emrah Özsoy
Tobias Otterbring
Sabine Pahl
Maria Serena Panasiti
Yonguk Park
Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary
Tatiana Pethö
Nadezhda Petrova
Jakob Pietschnig
Sadaf Pourmahmoud
Vishnunarayan Girishan Prabhu
Vita Poštuvan
Pavol Prokop
Virginia L Ramseyer Winter
Magdalena Razmus
Taotao Ru
Mirjana Rupar
Reza N Sahlan
Mohammad Salah Hassan
Anđela Šalov
Saphal Sapkota
Jacob Owusu Sarfo
Yoko Sawamiya
Katrin Schaefer
Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck
Veya Seekis
Kerim Selvi
Mehdi Sharifi
Anita Shrivastava
Rumana Ferdousi Siddique
Valdimar Sigurdsson
Vineta Silkane
Ana Šimunić
Govind Singh
Alena Slezáčková
Christine Sundgot-Borgen
Gill Ten Hoor
Passagorn Tevichapong
Arun Tipandjan
Jennifer Todd
Constantinos Togas
Fernando Tonini
Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro
Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud
Pankaj Tripathi
Otilia Tudorel
Tracy L Tylka
Anar Uyzbayeva
Zahir Vally
Edmunds Vanags
Luis Diego Vega
Aitor Vicente-Arruebarrena
Jose Vidal-Mollón
Roosevelt Vilar
Hyxia Villegas
Mona Vintilă
Christoph Wallner
Mathew P White
Simon Whitebridge
Sonja Windhager
Kah Yan Wong
Eric Kenson Yau
Yuko Yamamiya
Victoria Wai Lan Yeung
Marcelo Callegari Zanetti
Magdalena Zawisza
Nadine Zeeni
Martina Zvaríková
Ulrich S Tran
Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups.
PLoS ONE
title Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups.
title_full Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups.
title_fullStr Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups.
title_full_unstemmed Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups.
title_short Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups.
title_sort life satisfaction around the world measurement invariance of the satisfaction with life scale swls across 65 nations 40 languages gender identities and age groups
url https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313107
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AT mariaangelesgomezmartinez lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT sarahgradidge lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT sylviegraf lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT caterinagrano lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT gyongyvergyene lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT souheilhallit lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT motasemhamdan lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT jonathanehandelzalts lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT paulhphanel lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT stevenrhawks lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT issahekmati lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT maihelmy lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT tetianahill lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT farahhina lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT geraldineholenweger lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT martinahrebickova lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT olasupoaugustineijabadeniyi lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT asmaimam lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT basakince lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT nataliairrazabal lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT rasajankauskiene lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT dingyujiang lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT micaelajimenezborja lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT veronicajimenezborja lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT evanmjohnson lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT veljkojovanovic lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT marijajovic lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT markojovic lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT alessandracostapereirajunqueira lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT lisamariekahle lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT adamkantanista lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT ahmetkarakiraz lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT aysenurkarkin lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT erichkasten lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT salamkhatib lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT nuannutkhieowan lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT patriciajosephkimong lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT litzakiropoulos lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT joshuaknittel lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT neenakohli lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT mirjamkoprivnik lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT aituarkospakov lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT magdalenakrolzielinska lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT isabelkrug lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT garrykuan lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT yeechengkueh lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT omarkujan lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT miljanakukic lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT sanjaykumar lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT vipulkumar lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT nishthalamba lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT maryannelauri lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT mariafernandalaus lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT lizaaprilleblanc lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT hyejoojlee lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT małgorzatalipowska lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT mariuszlipowski lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT caterinalombardo lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT andrealukacs lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT christophemaiano lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT sadiamalik lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT mandarmanjary lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT lidiamarquezbaldo lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT marthamartinezbanfi lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT karlijnmassar lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT camillamatera lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT oliviamcanirlin lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT moisesrobertomebarak lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT anwarmechri lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT julianafernandesfilgueirasmeireles lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT norbertmesko lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT jacquelinemills lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT mayamiyairi lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT ritumodi lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT adrianamodrzejewska lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT justynamodrzejewska lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT kateemulgrew lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT tarynamyers lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT hikarinamatame lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT mohammadzakarianassani lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT amandanerini lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT felixneto lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT joananeto lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT angelanogueiraneves lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT siukuenng lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT devinithiya lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT jiaqingo lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT saharobeid lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT camilaodamontecinos lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT peterolamakindeolapegba lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT tosintunrayoolonisakin lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT salmasamiromar lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT brynjaorlygsdottir lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT emrahozsoy lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT tobiasotterbring lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT sabinepahl lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT mariaserenapanasiti lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT yongukpark lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT muhammadmainuddinpatwary lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT tatianapetho lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT nadezhdapetrova lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT jakobpietschnig lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT sadafpourmahmoud lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT vishnunarayangirishanprabhu lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT vitapostuvan lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT pavolprokop lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT virginialramseyerwinter lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT magdalenarazmus lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT taotaoru lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT mirjanarupar lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT rezansahlan lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT mohammadsalahhassan lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT anđelasalov lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT saphalsapkota lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT jacobowususarfo lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT yokosawamiya lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT katrinschaefer lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT michaelschultemecklenbeck lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT veyaseekis lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT kerimselvi lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT mehdisharifi lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT anitashrivastava lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT rumanaferdousisiddique lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT valdimarsigurdsson lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT vinetasilkane lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT anasimunic lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT govindsingh lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT alenaslezackova lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT christinesundgotborgen lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT gilltenhoor lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT passagorntevichapong lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT aruntipandjan lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT jennifertodd lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT constantinostogas lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT fernandotonini lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT juancamilotovarcastro lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT lisekatrinejepsentrangsrud lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT pankajtripathi lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT otiliatudorel lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT tracyltylka lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT anaruyzbayeva lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT zahirvally lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT edmundsvanags lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT luisdiegovega lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT aitorvicentearruebarrena lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT josevidalmollon lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT rooseveltvilar lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT hyxiavillegas lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT monavintila lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT christophwallner lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT mathewpwhite lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT simonwhitebridge lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT sonjawindhager lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT kahyanwong lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT erickensonyau lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT yukoyamamiya lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT victoriawailanyeung lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT marcelocallegarizanetti lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT magdalenazawisza lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT nadinezeeni lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT martinazvarikova lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups
AT ulrichstran lifesatisfactionaroundtheworldmeasurementinvarianceofthesatisfactionwithlifescaleswlsacross65nations40languagesgenderidentitiesandagegroups