Impact of Soft Drink Intake on Bone Development and Risk of Fractures in a Danish Cohort of Schoolchildren
Background and Aims: Soft drink consumption is suspected to negatively impact bone health in children, but longitudinal evidence is limited. This study assessed the association between soft drink intake and bone health outcomes in Danish schoolchildren aged 7.7–12 years, within a physical activity i...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Children |
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| author | Helene Hermansen Mina Nicole Händel Malene Søborg Heidemann Niels Wedderkopp |
| author_facet | Helene Hermansen Mina Nicole Händel Malene Søborg Heidemann Niels Wedderkopp |
| author_sort | Helene Hermansen |
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| description | Background and Aims: Soft drink consumption is suspected to negatively impact bone health in children, but longitudinal evidence is limited. This study assessed the association between soft drink intake and bone health outcomes in Danish schoolchildren aged 7.7–12 years, within a physical activity intervention framework. Methods: This study was nested in the CHAMPS-DK trial, a quasi-experimental study. Participants (<i>n</i> = 529) were recruited from intervention schools offering 270 min of physical education (PE) per week (active arm) and control schools with 90 min of standard PE. Soft drink intake was assessed via a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure Bone Mineral Content (BMC), Bone Area (BA), and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at baseline and two-year follow-up (primary outcomes). Fracture incidence over a five-year period was recorded using the SMS-Track parental reporting system (secondary outcome). Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression and Weibull survival models were used to analyze associations. Results: Soft drink intake of more than twice per month did not significantly affect BMC, BA, or BMD over two years (Total body BMD: <i>β</i> = 0.004; 95% CI: (−0.007; 0.016). Adjustment for confounders such as age, sex, BMI, pubertal status, socioeconomic status, and physical activity did not change the results. Additionally, no significant difference in fracture risk was observed (HR = 0.86; 95% CI: [0.43; 1.71]). Conclusions: Soft drink intake had no measurable impact on bone health indices or fracture risk in children, irrespective of PE intervention. Future studies should investigate the effects of specific soft drink types (carbonated vs. non-carbonated) on bone development. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6214cda593664d9589c05fbcc35d6dea |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-9067 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Children |
| spelling | doaj-art-6214cda593664d9589c05fbcc35d6dea2025-01-24T13:27:05ZengMDPI AGChildren2227-90672024-12-011214310.3390/children12010043Impact of Soft Drink Intake on Bone Development and Risk of Fractures in a Danish Cohort of SchoolchildrenHelene Hermansen0Mina Nicole Händel1Malene Søborg Heidemann2Niels Wedderkopp3Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, DenmarkParker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, DenmarkHans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, DenmarkResearch Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, DenmarkBackground and Aims: Soft drink consumption is suspected to negatively impact bone health in children, but longitudinal evidence is limited. This study assessed the association between soft drink intake and bone health outcomes in Danish schoolchildren aged 7.7–12 years, within a physical activity intervention framework. Methods: This study was nested in the CHAMPS-DK trial, a quasi-experimental study. Participants (<i>n</i> = 529) were recruited from intervention schools offering 270 min of physical education (PE) per week (active arm) and control schools with 90 min of standard PE. Soft drink intake was assessed via a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure Bone Mineral Content (BMC), Bone Area (BA), and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at baseline and two-year follow-up (primary outcomes). Fracture incidence over a five-year period was recorded using the SMS-Track parental reporting system (secondary outcome). Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression and Weibull survival models were used to analyze associations. Results: Soft drink intake of more than twice per month did not significantly affect BMC, BA, or BMD over two years (Total body BMD: <i>β</i> = 0.004; 95% CI: (−0.007; 0.016). Adjustment for confounders such as age, sex, BMI, pubertal status, socioeconomic status, and physical activity did not change the results. Additionally, no significant difference in fracture risk was observed (HR = 0.86; 95% CI: [0.43; 1.71]). Conclusions: Soft drink intake had no measurable impact on bone health indices or fracture risk in children, irrespective of PE intervention. Future studies should investigate the effects of specific soft drink types (carbonated vs. non-carbonated) on bone development.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/43soft drinksbone healthphysical educationfracture riskBMDlongitudinal study |
| spellingShingle | Helene Hermansen Mina Nicole Händel Malene Søborg Heidemann Niels Wedderkopp Impact of Soft Drink Intake on Bone Development and Risk of Fractures in a Danish Cohort of Schoolchildren Children soft drinks bone health physical education fracture risk BMD longitudinal study |
| title | Impact of Soft Drink Intake on Bone Development and Risk of Fractures in a Danish Cohort of Schoolchildren |
| title_full | Impact of Soft Drink Intake on Bone Development and Risk of Fractures in a Danish Cohort of Schoolchildren |
| title_fullStr | Impact of Soft Drink Intake on Bone Development and Risk of Fractures in a Danish Cohort of Schoolchildren |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Soft Drink Intake on Bone Development and Risk of Fractures in a Danish Cohort of Schoolchildren |
| title_short | Impact of Soft Drink Intake on Bone Development and Risk of Fractures in a Danish Cohort of Schoolchildren |
| title_sort | impact of soft drink intake on bone development and risk of fractures in a danish cohort of schoolchildren |
| topic | soft drinks bone health physical education fracture risk BMD longitudinal study |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/43 |
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