Dysregulation of Metabolic Peptides in the Gut–Brain Axis Promotes Hyperinsulinemia, Obesity, and Neurodegeneration
Metabolic peptides can influence metabolic processes and contribute to both inflammatory and/or anti-inflammatory responses. Studies have shown that there are thousands of metabolic peptides, made up of short chains of amino acids, that the human body produces. These peptides are crucial for regulat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/1/132 |
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| author | Camille Green Vandana Zaman Kayce Blumenstock Narendra L. Banik Azizul Haque |
| author_facet | Camille Green Vandana Zaman Kayce Blumenstock Narendra L. Banik Azizul Haque |
| author_sort | Camille Green |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Metabolic peptides can influence metabolic processes and contribute to both inflammatory and/or anti-inflammatory responses. Studies have shown that there are thousands of metabolic peptides, made up of short chains of amino acids, that the human body produces. These peptides are crucial for regulating many different processes like metabolism and cell signaling, as they bind to receptors on various cells. This review will cover the role of three specific metabolic peptides and their roles in hyperinsulinemia, diabetes, inflammation, and neurodegeneration, as well as their roles in type 3 diabetes and dementia. The metabolic peptides glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitor polypeptide (GIP), and pancreatic peptide (PP) will be discussed, as dysregulation within their processes can lead to the development of various inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Research has been able to closely investigate the connections between these metabolic peptides and their links to the gut–brain axis, highlighting changes made in the gut that can lead to dysfunction in processes in the brain, as well as changes made in the brain that can lead to dysregulation in the gut. The role of metabolic peptides in the development and potentially reversal of diseases such as obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and type 2 diabetes will also be discussed. Furthermore, we review the potential links between these conditions and neuroinflammation and the development of neurodegenerative diseases like dementia, specifically Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-61bc88faf5a8443bbb58f58229e2903e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj-art-61bc88faf5a8443bbb58f58229e2903e2025-01-24T13:24:07ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592025-01-0113113210.3390/biomedicines13010132Dysregulation of Metabolic Peptides in the Gut–Brain Axis Promotes Hyperinsulinemia, Obesity, and NeurodegenerationCamille Green0Vandana Zaman1Kayce Blumenstock2Narendra L. Banik3Azizul Haque4Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USARalph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USAMetabolic peptides can influence metabolic processes and contribute to both inflammatory and/or anti-inflammatory responses. Studies have shown that there are thousands of metabolic peptides, made up of short chains of amino acids, that the human body produces. These peptides are crucial for regulating many different processes like metabolism and cell signaling, as they bind to receptors on various cells. This review will cover the role of three specific metabolic peptides and their roles in hyperinsulinemia, diabetes, inflammation, and neurodegeneration, as well as their roles in type 3 diabetes and dementia. The metabolic peptides glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitor polypeptide (GIP), and pancreatic peptide (PP) will be discussed, as dysregulation within their processes can lead to the development of various inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Research has been able to closely investigate the connections between these metabolic peptides and their links to the gut–brain axis, highlighting changes made in the gut that can lead to dysfunction in processes in the brain, as well as changes made in the brain that can lead to dysregulation in the gut. The role of metabolic peptides in the development and potentially reversal of diseases such as obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and type 2 diabetes will also be discussed. Furthermore, we review the potential links between these conditions and neuroinflammation and the development of neurodegenerative diseases like dementia, specifically Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/1/132hormonal peptideshyperinsulinemiadiabetesinflammationgut–brain axisneurodegeneration |
| spellingShingle | Camille Green Vandana Zaman Kayce Blumenstock Narendra L. Banik Azizul Haque Dysregulation of Metabolic Peptides in the Gut–Brain Axis Promotes Hyperinsulinemia, Obesity, and Neurodegeneration Biomedicines hormonal peptides hyperinsulinemia diabetes inflammation gut–brain axis neurodegeneration |
| title | Dysregulation of Metabolic Peptides in the Gut–Brain Axis Promotes Hyperinsulinemia, Obesity, and Neurodegeneration |
| title_full | Dysregulation of Metabolic Peptides in the Gut–Brain Axis Promotes Hyperinsulinemia, Obesity, and Neurodegeneration |
| title_fullStr | Dysregulation of Metabolic Peptides in the Gut–Brain Axis Promotes Hyperinsulinemia, Obesity, and Neurodegeneration |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dysregulation of Metabolic Peptides in the Gut–Brain Axis Promotes Hyperinsulinemia, Obesity, and Neurodegeneration |
| title_short | Dysregulation of Metabolic Peptides in the Gut–Brain Axis Promotes Hyperinsulinemia, Obesity, and Neurodegeneration |
| title_sort | dysregulation of metabolic peptides in the gut brain axis promotes hyperinsulinemia obesity and neurodegeneration |
| topic | hormonal peptides hyperinsulinemia diabetes inflammation gut–brain axis neurodegeneration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/1/132 |
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