RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Potassium Perchlorate and a Neonicotinoid on Zebrafish Larvae (<em>Danio rerio</em>)
Imidacloprid (IMI) is part of the neonicotinoids family, insecticides widely used by humans and also found in wastewater. This class of compounds, if present in the environment, can cause toxicity to different species such as bees and gammarids, although little is known about vertebrates such as fis...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| author | Davide Di Paola Fabiano Capparucci Sabrina Natale Rosalia Crupi Salvatore Cuzzocrea Nunziacarla Spanò Enrico Gugliandolo Alessio Filippo Peritore |
| author_facet | Davide Di Paola Fabiano Capparucci Sabrina Natale Rosalia Crupi Salvatore Cuzzocrea Nunziacarla Spanò Enrico Gugliandolo Alessio Filippo Peritore |
| author_sort | Davide Di Paola |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Imidacloprid (IMI) is part of the neonicotinoids family, insecticides widely used by humans and also found in wastewater. This class of compounds, if present in the environment, can cause toxicity to different species such as bees and gammarids, although little is known about vertebrates such as fish. In addition, several substances have been reported in the environment that can cause damage to aquatic species, such as potassium perchlorate (KClO<sub>4</sub>), if exposed to high concentrations or for long periods. Often, the co-presence of different contaminants can cause a synergistic action in terms of toxicity to fish. In the present study, we first analyzed different concentrations of IMI (75, 100 and 150 mg/L) and KClO<sub>4</sub> (1, 1.5 and 5 mM) to highlight the morphological effects at 96 hpf and, subsequently, chose two nontoxic concentrations to evaluate their co-exposure and the pathway involved in their co-toxicity. Morphological alteration, mucus production, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression related to intestinal function and oxidative stress were measured. These results suggest that co-exposure to IMI and KClO<sub>4</sub> could affect zebrafish embryo development by increasing gut toxicity and the alteration of antioxidative defense mechanisms. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6163a3ed6f73445d829e48b136981815 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj-art-6163a3ed6f73445d829e48b1369818152025-01-23T10:42:28ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042022-04-0110520310.3390/toxics10050203RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Potassium Perchlorate and a Neonicotinoid on Zebrafish Larvae (<em>Danio rerio</em>)Davide Di Paola0Fabiano Capparucci1Sabrina Natale2Rosalia Crupi3Salvatore Cuzzocrea4Nunziacarla Spanò5Enrico Gugliandolo6Alessio Filippo Peritore7Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyImidacloprid (IMI) is part of the neonicotinoids family, insecticides widely used by humans and also found in wastewater. This class of compounds, if present in the environment, can cause toxicity to different species such as bees and gammarids, although little is known about vertebrates such as fish. In addition, several substances have been reported in the environment that can cause damage to aquatic species, such as potassium perchlorate (KClO<sub>4</sub>), if exposed to high concentrations or for long periods. Often, the co-presence of different contaminants can cause a synergistic action in terms of toxicity to fish. In the present study, we first analyzed different concentrations of IMI (75, 100 and 150 mg/L) and KClO<sub>4</sub> (1, 1.5 and 5 mM) to highlight the morphological effects at 96 hpf and, subsequently, chose two nontoxic concentrations to evaluate their co-exposure and the pathway involved in their co-toxicity. Morphological alteration, mucus production, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression related to intestinal function and oxidative stress were measured. These results suggest that co-exposure to IMI and KClO<sub>4</sub> could affect zebrafish embryo development by increasing gut toxicity and the alteration of antioxidative defense mechanisms.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/5/203insecticidesenvironment contaminantgutoxidative stresssynergy effect |
| spellingShingle | Davide Di Paola Fabiano Capparucci Sabrina Natale Rosalia Crupi Salvatore Cuzzocrea Nunziacarla Spanò Enrico Gugliandolo Alessio Filippo Peritore RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Potassium Perchlorate and a Neonicotinoid on Zebrafish Larvae (<em>Danio rerio</em>) Toxics insecticides environment contaminant gut oxidative stress synergy effect |
| title | RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Potassium Perchlorate and a Neonicotinoid on Zebrafish Larvae (<em>Danio rerio</em>) |
| title_full | RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Potassium Perchlorate and a Neonicotinoid on Zebrafish Larvae (<em>Danio rerio</em>) |
| title_fullStr | RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Potassium Perchlorate and a Neonicotinoid on Zebrafish Larvae (<em>Danio rerio</em>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Potassium Perchlorate and a Neonicotinoid on Zebrafish Larvae (<em>Danio rerio</em>) |
| title_short | RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Potassium Perchlorate and a Neonicotinoid on Zebrafish Larvae (<em>Danio rerio</em>) |
| title_sort | retracted combined effects of potassium perchlorate and a neonicotinoid on zebrafish larvae em danio rerio em |
| topic | insecticides environment contaminant gut oxidative stress synergy effect |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/5/203 |
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