Biocompatibility of variable thicknesses of a novel directly printed aligner in orthodontics
Abstract Direct printed aligners (DPAs) offer benefits like the ability to vary layer thickness within a single DPA and to 3D print custom-made removable orthodontic appliances. The biocompatibility of appliances made from Tera Harz TA-28 (Graphy Inc., Seoul, South Korea) depends on strict adherence...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85359-7 |
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| author | Maximilian Bleilöb Claudia Welte-Jzyk Vanessa Knode Björn Ludwig Christina Erbe |
| author_facet | Maximilian Bleilöb Claudia Welte-Jzyk Vanessa Knode Björn Ludwig Christina Erbe |
| author_sort | Maximilian Bleilöb |
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| description | Abstract Direct printed aligners (DPAs) offer benefits like the ability to vary layer thickness within a single DPA and to 3D print custom-made removable orthodontic appliances. The biocompatibility of appliances made from Tera Harz TA-28 (Graphy Inc., Seoul, South Korea) depends on strict adherence to a standardized production and post-production protocol, including UV curing. Our aim was to evaluate whether design modifications that increase layer thickness require a longer UV curing time to ensure biocompatibility. Specimens with varying layer thickness were printed to high accuracy using Tera Harz TA-28 and the Asiga MAX 3D printer (Asiga SPS ™ technology, Sydney, Australia). UV curing durations were set at 20, 30 and 60 min. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the AlamarBlue assay on human gingival fibroblasts. Cell viability decreased with increasing specimen thickness (significant for 2 mm [p < 0.001], 4 mm [p < 0.0001], and 6 mm [p < 0.01]) under the manufacturer-recommended 20-min UV curing. Extending the curing time did not improve cell viability. However, cell viability never decreased by more than 30%, meeting EN ISO 10993-5 standards for non-cytotoxicity. The standard 20-minute UV curing protocol ensures the biocompatibility and patient safety of Tera Harz TA-28 for material thicknesses up to 6 mm. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-614307a790974a94948e3f5f5ed0fbc0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| spelling | doaj-art-614307a790974a94948e3f5f5ed0fbc02025-01-26T12:25:13ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-01-011511810.1038/s41598-025-85359-7Biocompatibility of variable thicknesses of a novel directly printed aligner in orthodonticsMaximilian Bleilöb0Claudia Welte-Jzyk1Vanessa Knode2Björn Ludwig3Christina Erbe4Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzDepartment of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzDepartment of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzDepartment of Orthodontics, University of HomburgDepartment of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzAbstract Direct printed aligners (DPAs) offer benefits like the ability to vary layer thickness within a single DPA and to 3D print custom-made removable orthodontic appliances. The biocompatibility of appliances made from Tera Harz TA-28 (Graphy Inc., Seoul, South Korea) depends on strict adherence to a standardized production and post-production protocol, including UV curing. Our aim was to evaluate whether design modifications that increase layer thickness require a longer UV curing time to ensure biocompatibility. Specimens with varying layer thickness were printed to high accuracy using Tera Harz TA-28 and the Asiga MAX 3D printer (Asiga SPS ™ technology, Sydney, Australia). UV curing durations were set at 20, 30 and 60 min. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the AlamarBlue assay on human gingival fibroblasts. Cell viability decreased with increasing specimen thickness (significant for 2 mm [p < 0.001], 4 mm [p < 0.0001], and 6 mm [p < 0.01]) under the manufacturer-recommended 20-min UV curing. Extending the curing time did not improve cell viability. However, cell viability never decreased by more than 30%, meeting EN ISO 10993-5 standards for non-cytotoxicity. The standard 20-minute UV curing protocol ensures the biocompatibility and patient safety of Tera Harz TA-28 for material thicknesses up to 6 mm.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85359-7Digital orthodontics3D printed aligners3D printingClear alignerAligner therapyDirect printed aligners |
| spellingShingle | Maximilian Bleilöb Claudia Welte-Jzyk Vanessa Knode Björn Ludwig Christina Erbe Biocompatibility of variable thicknesses of a novel directly printed aligner in orthodontics Scientific Reports Digital orthodontics 3D printed aligners 3D printing Clear aligner Aligner therapy Direct printed aligners |
| title | Biocompatibility of variable thicknesses of a novel directly printed aligner in orthodontics |
| title_full | Biocompatibility of variable thicknesses of a novel directly printed aligner in orthodontics |
| title_fullStr | Biocompatibility of variable thicknesses of a novel directly printed aligner in orthodontics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biocompatibility of variable thicknesses of a novel directly printed aligner in orthodontics |
| title_short | Biocompatibility of variable thicknesses of a novel directly printed aligner in orthodontics |
| title_sort | biocompatibility of variable thicknesses of a novel directly printed aligner in orthodontics |
| topic | Digital orthodontics 3D printed aligners 3D printing Clear aligner Aligner therapy Direct printed aligners |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85359-7 |
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