I am here with you: an examination of factors relating to social presence in social VR

Social VR is growing in popularity, with more users engaging in interactive VR platforms. A key aspect of these experiences is social presence, the feeling of being with others, which is essential in fostering meaningful connections and improving user engagement. While spatial presence and body owne...

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Main Authors: Gayoung Son, Aline Tiemann, Marius Rubo
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-03-01
Series:Frontiers in Virtual Reality
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frvir.2025.1558233/full
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author Gayoung Son
Aline Tiemann
Marius Rubo
author_facet Gayoung Son
Aline Tiemann
Marius Rubo
author_sort Gayoung Son
collection DOAJ
description Social VR is growing in popularity, with more users engaging in interactive VR platforms. A key aspect of these experiences is social presence, the feeling of being with others, which is essential in fostering meaningful connections and improving user engagement. While spatial presence and body ownership are considered important for social presence, interpersonal factors such as another person’s warmth or competence play an important role as well. In this study (N = 128), we examined the relationships between these four perceptions (spatial presence, body ownership, a partner’s warmth and competence) and social presence in social VR, both individually and while accounting for their combined effects. Multivariate analyses showed that spatial presence and partner warmth were robustly associated with social presence, whereas body ownership and competence were not significantly related to social presence. These patterns were consistent across interactions using anonymous avatars and non–anonymous avatars. We conclude that interpersonal perceptions, particularly warmth, should be considered alongside user experience variables when studying social presence. Furthermore, anonymized interactions in social VR likely preserve the underlying processes that support social presence.
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publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
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series Frontiers in Virtual Reality
spelling doaj-art-60898981a7024512b77d1034f3da4f9f2025-08-20T02:49:56ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Virtual Reality2673-41922025-03-01610.3389/frvir.2025.15582331558233I am here with you: an examination of factors relating to social presence in social VRGayoung Son0Aline Tiemann1Marius Rubo2Cognitive Psychology, Perception and Research Methods, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, SwitzerlandClinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of PsychologyUniversity of Fribourg, Fribourg, SwitzerlandCognitive Psychology, Perception and Research Methods, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, SwitzerlandSocial VR is growing in popularity, with more users engaging in interactive VR platforms. A key aspect of these experiences is social presence, the feeling of being with others, which is essential in fostering meaningful connections and improving user engagement. While spatial presence and body ownership are considered important for social presence, interpersonal factors such as another person’s warmth or competence play an important role as well. In this study (N = 128), we examined the relationships between these four perceptions (spatial presence, body ownership, a partner’s warmth and competence) and social presence in social VR, both individually and while accounting for their combined effects. Multivariate analyses showed that spatial presence and partner warmth were robustly associated with social presence, whereas body ownership and competence were not significantly related to social presence. These patterns were consistent across interactions using anonymous avatars and non–anonymous avatars. We conclude that interpersonal perceptions, particularly warmth, should be considered alongside user experience variables when studying social presence. Furthermore, anonymized interactions in social VR likely preserve the underlying processes that support social presence.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frvir.2025.1558233/fullsocial presencespatial presencebody ownershipinterpersonal perceptionwarmthcompetence
spellingShingle Gayoung Son
Aline Tiemann
Marius Rubo
I am here with you: an examination of factors relating to social presence in social VR
Frontiers in Virtual Reality
social presence
spatial presence
body ownership
interpersonal perception
warmth
competence
title I am here with you: an examination of factors relating to social presence in social VR
title_full I am here with you: an examination of factors relating to social presence in social VR
title_fullStr I am here with you: an examination of factors relating to social presence in social VR
title_full_unstemmed I am here with you: an examination of factors relating to social presence in social VR
title_short I am here with you: an examination of factors relating to social presence in social VR
title_sort i am here with you an examination of factors relating to social presence in social vr
topic social presence
spatial presence
body ownership
interpersonal perception
warmth
competence
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frvir.2025.1558233/full
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AT alinetiemann iamherewithyouanexaminationoffactorsrelatingtosocialpresenceinsocialvr
AT mariusrubo iamherewithyouanexaminationoffactorsrelatingtosocialpresenceinsocialvr