Mononuclear Aluminum–Fluoride Ions, AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i><sup>(+/−)</sup>—Study of Plausible Frameworks of Complexes with Biomolecules and Their In Vitro Toxicity
The importance of fluorine and aluminum in all aspects of daily life has led to an enormous increase in human exposure to these elements in their various forms. It is therefore important to understand the routes of exposure and to investigate and understand the potential toxicity. Of particular conc...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-01-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/389 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832587798932094976 |
|---|---|
| author | Anja Pavlovič Larisa Janžič Lucija Sršen Andreja Nataša Kopitar Kathleen F. Edwards Joel F. Liebman Maja Ponikvar-Svet |
| author_facet | Anja Pavlovič Larisa Janžič Lucija Sršen Andreja Nataša Kopitar Kathleen F. Edwards Joel F. Liebman Maja Ponikvar-Svet |
| author_sort | Anja Pavlovič |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The importance of fluorine and aluminum in all aspects of daily life has led to an enormous increase in human exposure to these elements in their various forms. It is therefore important to understand the routes of exposure and to investigate and understand the potential toxicity. Of particular concern are aluminum–fluoride complexes (AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i>), which are able to mimic the natural isostructural phosphate group and influence the activity of numerous essential phosphoryl transferases. Our review of salts of ionic AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i> species, which plausibly form the framework of complexes with biomolecules, revealed that the octahedral configuration of aluminum in the active site of the enzyme is preferred over the trigonal-bipyramidal structure. The effects of varying concentrations of fluoride, aluminum and AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i>—from micromolar to millimolar levels—on the viability and apoptosis rate of THP-1 monocytes were investigated using phosphate buffer solution as a culture media to simulate physiological conditions. Our results suggest that aluminum can reduce the direct toxicity of fluoride through the formation of AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i>. In view of the results found, further in vitro studies are required to clarify the toxicity mechanisms of these species. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-604e7d0c54574787adb994d7ac0d3016 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-604e7d0c54574787adb994d7ac0d30162025-01-24T13:43:52ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-01-0130238910.3390/molecules30020389Mononuclear Aluminum–Fluoride Ions, AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i><sup>(+/−)</sup>—Study of Plausible Frameworks of Complexes with Biomolecules and Their In Vitro ToxicityAnja Pavlovič0Larisa Janžič1Lucija Sršen2Andreja Nataša Kopitar3Kathleen F. Edwards4Joel F. Liebman5Maja Ponikvar-Svet6Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaInstitute for Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaInstitute for Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaInstitute for Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaBusiness Administration Program, School of Business, University of Maryland Global Campus, Largo, MD 20774, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USADepartment of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaThe importance of fluorine and aluminum in all aspects of daily life has led to an enormous increase in human exposure to these elements in their various forms. It is therefore important to understand the routes of exposure and to investigate and understand the potential toxicity. Of particular concern are aluminum–fluoride complexes (AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i>), which are able to mimic the natural isostructural phosphate group and influence the activity of numerous essential phosphoryl transferases. Our review of salts of ionic AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i> species, which plausibly form the framework of complexes with biomolecules, revealed that the octahedral configuration of aluminum in the active site of the enzyme is preferred over the trigonal-bipyramidal structure. The effects of varying concentrations of fluoride, aluminum and AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i>—from micromolar to millimolar levels—on the viability and apoptosis rate of THP-1 monocytes were investigated using phosphate buffer solution as a culture media to simulate physiological conditions. Our results suggest that aluminum can reduce the direct toxicity of fluoride through the formation of AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i>. In view of the results found, further in vitro studies are required to clarify the toxicity mechanisms of these species.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/389fluoridealuminumaluminum fluoride complexescoordinationframeworkstoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Anja Pavlovič Larisa Janžič Lucija Sršen Andreja Nataša Kopitar Kathleen F. Edwards Joel F. Liebman Maja Ponikvar-Svet Mononuclear Aluminum–Fluoride Ions, AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i><sup>(+/−)</sup>—Study of Plausible Frameworks of Complexes with Biomolecules and Their In Vitro Toxicity Molecules fluoride aluminum aluminum fluoride complexes coordination frameworks toxicity |
| title | Mononuclear Aluminum–Fluoride Ions, AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i><sup>(+/−)</sup>—Study of Plausible Frameworks of Complexes with Biomolecules and Their In Vitro Toxicity |
| title_full | Mononuclear Aluminum–Fluoride Ions, AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i><sup>(+/−)</sup>—Study of Plausible Frameworks of Complexes with Biomolecules and Their In Vitro Toxicity |
| title_fullStr | Mononuclear Aluminum–Fluoride Ions, AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i><sup>(+/−)</sup>—Study of Plausible Frameworks of Complexes with Biomolecules and Their In Vitro Toxicity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mononuclear Aluminum–Fluoride Ions, AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i><sup>(+/−)</sup>—Study of Plausible Frameworks of Complexes with Biomolecules and Their In Vitro Toxicity |
| title_short | Mononuclear Aluminum–Fluoride Ions, AlF<i><sub>x</sub></i><sup>(+/−)</sup>—Study of Plausible Frameworks of Complexes with Biomolecules and Their In Vitro Toxicity |
| title_sort | mononuclear aluminum fluoride ions alf i sub x sub i sup sup study of plausible frameworks of complexes with biomolecules and their in vitro toxicity |
| topic | fluoride aluminum aluminum fluoride complexes coordination frameworks toxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/389 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT anjapavlovic mononuclearaluminumfluorideionsalfisubxsubisupsupstudyofplausibleframeworksofcomplexeswithbiomoleculesandtheirinvitrotoxicity AT larisajanzic mononuclearaluminumfluorideionsalfisubxsubisupsupstudyofplausibleframeworksofcomplexeswithbiomoleculesandtheirinvitrotoxicity AT lucijasrsen mononuclearaluminumfluorideionsalfisubxsubisupsupstudyofplausibleframeworksofcomplexeswithbiomoleculesandtheirinvitrotoxicity AT andrejanatasakopitar mononuclearaluminumfluorideionsalfisubxsubisupsupstudyofplausibleframeworksofcomplexeswithbiomoleculesandtheirinvitrotoxicity AT kathleenfedwards mononuclearaluminumfluorideionsalfisubxsubisupsupstudyofplausibleframeworksofcomplexeswithbiomoleculesandtheirinvitrotoxicity AT joelfliebman mononuclearaluminumfluorideionsalfisubxsubisupsupstudyofplausibleframeworksofcomplexeswithbiomoleculesandtheirinvitrotoxicity AT majaponikvarsvet mononuclearaluminumfluorideionsalfisubxsubisupsupstudyofplausibleframeworksofcomplexeswithbiomoleculesandtheirinvitrotoxicity |