Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Metabolic Characteristics and Biomarkers of Antioxidant Properties of Gardeniae Fructus from Different Geographical Origins in China
<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Gardeniae Fructus (GF) has been widely used as both food and medicinal purposes for thousands of years, but their antioxidant properties and potential metabolite biomarkers remain unclear. <b>Methods</b>: The purposes of this study were to examin...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Wu Jiang Lingling Jiang Xiaoli Yin Shuhui Zhang Xiaojing Duan Jiadong Chen Yingying Liu Hong Zheng Zhengming Tao |
| author_facet | Wu Jiang Lingling Jiang Xiaoli Yin Shuhui Zhang Xiaojing Duan Jiadong Chen Yingying Liu Hong Zheng Zhengming Tao |
| author_sort | Wu Jiang |
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| description | <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Gardeniae Fructus (GF) has been widely used as both food and medicinal purposes for thousands of years, but their antioxidant properties and potential metabolite biomarkers remain unclear. <b>Methods</b>: The purposes of this study were to examine antioxidant activities of 21 GF varieties from different geographical origins in China and identify potential biomarkers of antioxidant properties using an untargeted LC–MS-based metabolomics approach. <b>Results</b>: The results demonstrate that metabolomics had the ability to trace the geographical origins of GF. We found that antioxidant activities varied with different varieties of GF, which was dependent on their chemical compositions. The key chemical categories were obtained as the primary contributors of the antioxidant activity, including prenol lipids, flavonoids, coumarins and derivatives, as well as steroids and steroid derivatives. In addition, adouetine Y, coagulin R 3-glucoside and epicatechin 3-glucoside were identified as potential biomarkers for the antioxidant activity of GF. <b>Conclusions</b>: Therefore, our study sheds light on the metabolic characteristics and biomarkers of the antioxidant properties of GF, contributing to the selection and cultivation of a high antioxidant variety. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5fb6d94163794cf98b76fbb542330a26 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj-art-5fb6d94163794cf98b76fbb542330a262025-01-24T13:41:15ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892025-01-011513810.3390/metabo15010038Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Metabolic Characteristics and Biomarkers of Antioxidant Properties of Gardeniae Fructus from Different Geographical Origins in ChinaWu Jiang0Lingling Jiang1Xiaoli Yin2Shuhui Zhang3Xiaojing Duan4Jiadong Chen5Yingying Liu6Hong Zheng7Zhengming Tao8Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, ChinaCollege of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, ChinaSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, ChinaSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, ChinaZhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, ChinaZhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, ChinaZhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, ChinaSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, ChinaZhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, China<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Gardeniae Fructus (GF) has been widely used as both food and medicinal purposes for thousands of years, but their antioxidant properties and potential metabolite biomarkers remain unclear. <b>Methods</b>: The purposes of this study were to examine antioxidant activities of 21 GF varieties from different geographical origins in China and identify potential biomarkers of antioxidant properties using an untargeted LC–MS-based metabolomics approach. <b>Results</b>: The results demonstrate that metabolomics had the ability to trace the geographical origins of GF. We found that antioxidant activities varied with different varieties of GF, which was dependent on their chemical compositions. The key chemical categories were obtained as the primary contributors of the antioxidant activity, including prenol lipids, flavonoids, coumarins and derivatives, as well as steroids and steroid derivatives. In addition, adouetine Y, coagulin R 3-glucoside and epicatechin 3-glucoside were identified as potential biomarkers for the antioxidant activity of GF. <b>Conclusions</b>: Therefore, our study sheds light on the metabolic characteristics and biomarkers of the antioxidant properties of GF, contributing to the selection and cultivation of a high antioxidant variety.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/15/1/38antioxidantbiomarkermetabolomicsflavonoidsgeographical origin |
| spellingShingle | Wu Jiang Lingling Jiang Xiaoli Yin Shuhui Zhang Xiaojing Duan Jiadong Chen Yingying Liu Hong Zheng Zhengming Tao Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Metabolic Characteristics and Biomarkers of Antioxidant Properties of Gardeniae Fructus from Different Geographical Origins in China Metabolites antioxidant biomarker metabolomics flavonoids geographical origin |
| title | Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Metabolic Characteristics and Biomarkers of Antioxidant Properties of Gardeniae Fructus from Different Geographical Origins in China |
| title_full | Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Metabolic Characteristics and Biomarkers of Antioxidant Properties of Gardeniae Fructus from Different Geographical Origins in China |
| title_fullStr | Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Metabolic Characteristics and Biomarkers of Antioxidant Properties of Gardeniae Fructus from Different Geographical Origins in China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Metabolic Characteristics and Biomarkers of Antioxidant Properties of Gardeniae Fructus from Different Geographical Origins in China |
| title_short | Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Metabolic Characteristics and Biomarkers of Antioxidant Properties of Gardeniae Fructus from Different Geographical Origins in China |
| title_sort | untargeted metabolomics reveals the metabolic characteristics and biomarkers of antioxidant properties of gardeniae fructus from different geographical origins in china |
| topic | antioxidant biomarker metabolomics flavonoids geographical origin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/15/1/38 |
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