Wind–Wave Misalignment in Irish Waters and Its Impact on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
This study examined the impact of wind–wave misalignment on floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) in Irish waters, analysing average weather and extreme events, including hurricane conditions. Using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset validated against Irish Marine Data Buoy Observation Network measuremen...
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| author | Thomas Shanahan Breiffni Fitzgerald |
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| description | This study examined the impact of wind–wave misalignment on floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) in Irish waters, analysing average weather and extreme events, including hurricane conditions. Using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset validated against Irish Marine Data Buoy Observation Network measurements, the results showed a satisfactory accuracy with an average wind speed error of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.54</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> m/s and a strong correlation coefficient of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.92</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Wind–wave misalignment was found to be inversely correlated with wind speed (correlation coefficient: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.41</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), with minimum misalignment occurring approximately seven hours after a change in wind direction. The study revealed that misalignment could exceed <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>30</mn><mo>∘</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> during hurricanes, contradicting standard assumptions of alignment under extreme conditions. The investigation highlighted that in western coastal areas, average misalignment could reach <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mn>57.95</mn><mo>∘</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, while sheltered Irish Sea regions experienced lower values, such as <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mn>23.06</mn><mo>∘</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Numerical simulations confirmed that these misalignment events amplified side-to-side turbine deflections significantly. This research underscores the need to incorporate misalignment effects into industry testing standards and suggests that current methodologies may underestimate fatigue loads by up to 50%. This work emphasizes improved design and testing protocols for FOWTs in complex marine environments and highlights the suitability of ERA5 for climate analysis in Ireland. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5f57f1ef17944824a8c711b9c97ac0f8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-5f57f1ef17944824a8c711b9c97ac0f82025-01-24T13:31:15ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-01-0118237210.3390/en18020372Wind–Wave Misalignment in Irish Waters and Its Impact on Floating Offshore Wind TurbinesThomas Shanahan0Breiffni Fitzgerald1Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, IrelandDepartment of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, IrelandThis study examined the impact of wind–wave misalignment on floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) in Irish waters, analysing average weather and extreme events, including hurricane conditions. Using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset validated against Irish Marine Data Buoy Observation Network measurements, the results showed a satisfactory accuracy with an average wind speed error of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.54</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> m/s and a strong correlation coefficient of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.92</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Wind–wave misalignment was found to be inversely correlated with wind speed (correlation coefficient: <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.41</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), with minimum misalignment occurring approximately seven hours after a change in wind direction. The study revealed that misalignment could exceed <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>30</mn><mo>∘</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> during hurricanes, contradicting standard assumptions of alignment under extreme conditions. The investigation highlighted that in western coastal areas, average misalignment could reach <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mn>57.95</mn><mo>∘</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, while sheltered Irish Sea regions experienced lower values, such as <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mn>23.06</mn><mo>∘</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Numerical simulations confirmed that these misalignment events amplified side-to-side turbine deflections significantly. This research underscores the need to incorporate misalignment effects into industry testing standards and suggests that current methodologies may underestimate fatigue loads by up to 50%. This work emphasizes improved design and testing protocols for FOWTs in complex marine environments and highlights the suitability of ERA5 for climate analysis in Ireland.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/2/372wind–wave loadswind–wave misalignmentspar-type floating offshore wind turbine |
| spellingShingle | Thomas Shanahan Breiffni Fitzgerald Wind–Wave Misalignment in Irish Waters and Its Impact on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines Energies wind–wave loads wind–wave misalignment spar-type floating offshore wind turbine |
| title | Wind–Wave Misalignment in Irish Waters and Its Impact on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines |
| title_full | Wind–Wave Misalignment in Irish Waters and Its Impact on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines |
| title_fullStr | Wind–Wave Misalignment in Irish Waters and Its Impact on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wind–Wave Misalignment in Irish Waters and Its Impact on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines |
| title_short | Wind–Wave Misalignment in Irish Waters and Its Impact on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines |
| title_sort | wind wave misalignment in irish waters and its impact on floating offshore wind turbines |
| topic | wind–wave loads wind–wave misalignment spar-type floating offshore wind turbine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/2/372 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT thomasshanahan windwavemisalignmentinirishwatersanditsimpactonfloatingoffshorewindturbines AT breiffnifitzgerald windwavemisalignmentinirishwatersanditsimpactonfloatingoffshorewindturbines |