Experimental case study for optimizing heat sink performance using ZnO nanocarriers integrated with phase change materials for environmental sustainability
Electronic equipment generates heat during prolonged operation, making efficient heat dissipation essential to ensure continuous functionality and prevent premature device failure. Accordingly, phase change materials (PCMs) were employed for thermal management; however, their low thermal conductivit...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Case Studies in Thermal Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X25000309 |
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| author | Muhammad Farooq Imran Zahid M. Yasar Javaid Noreen Sher Akbar Enio Pedone Bandarra Filho M. Farrukh Shahzad M. Imran Khan Mohammad Ilyas Khan Mohammad Rehan Fahid Riaz |
| author_facet | Muhammad Farooq Imran Zahid M. Yasar Javaid Noreen Sher Akbar Enio Pedone Bandarra Filho M. Farrukh Shahzad M. Imran Khan Mohammad Ilyas Khan Mohammad Rehan Fahid Riaz |
| author_sort | Muhammad Farooq |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Electronic equipment generates heat during prolonged operation, making efficient heat dissipation essential to ensure continuous functionality and prevent premature device failure. Accordingly, phase change materials (PCMs) were employed for thermal management; however, their low thermal conductivity limits their effectiveness in temperature-sensitive electronic systems. PCMs can be made more thermally conductive with the use of nanocarriers-based phase change materials (NcPCMs), which could lower system temperatures and increase device operational lifetimes. In this study, the main objective is to improve overall performance of heat sinks by integrating ZnO nanocarriers into RT54HC (PCM) to enhance thermal conductivity using ZnO/RT54HC (NcPCM) across various transient heat energy loads (09 W–27 W) and different optimal saturation levels of ZnO, varying between 1.0 wt% to 3.0 wt%. Simple and copper foam embedded heat sinks demonstrated significant temperature reduction by incorporating ZnO into cooling media within the internal cavities in contrast to the unfilled, unfinned heat sink under all heat inputs. These findings showed the effectiveness of NcPCM based copper sink in reducing peak temperature of 24.02 % and improving operational time of 35 and 69 min at targeted critical temperatures of 50 °C and 60 °C owing to favorable characteristics of high thermal conductivity and increased surface area. Hence, the incorporation of nanocarriers into nontoxic environment friendly PCMs is strongly advocated to promote sustainable progress in electronic thermal management, as it offers clean, zero-emission energy storage solution. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5c8cf0c1d0a147ec8b506fbd2d248a4c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2214-157X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Case Studies in Thermal Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-5c8cf0c1d0a147ec8b506fbd2d248a4c2025-02-02T05:27:25ZengElsevierCase Studies in Thermal Engineering2214-157X2025-02-0166105770Experimental case study for optimizing heat sink performance using ZnO nanocarriers integrated with phase change materials for environmental sustainabilityMuhammad Farooq0Imran Zahid1M. Yasar Javaid2Noreen Sher Akbar3Enio Pedone Bandarra Filho4M. Farrukh Shahzad5M. Imran Khan6Mohammad Ilyas Khan7Mohammad Rehan8Fahid Riaz9Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia; Corresponding author.Department of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan; Corresponding author.Department of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Government College University Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi ArabiaCollege of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi ArabiaCenter of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesElectronic equipment generates heat during prolonged operation, making efficient heat dissipation essential to ensure continuous functionality and prevent premature device failure. Accordingly, phase change materials (PCMs) were employed for thermal management; however, their low thermal conductivity limits their effectiveness in temperature-sensitive electronic systems. PCMs can be made more thermally conductive with the use of nanocarriers-based phase change materials (NcPCMs), which could lower system temperatures and increase device operational lifetimes. In this study, the main objective is to improve overall performance of heat sinks by integrating ZnO nanocarriers into RT54HC (PCM) to enhance thermal conductivity using ZnO/RT54HC (NcPCM) across various transient heat energy loads (09 W–27 W) and different optimal saturation levels of ZnO, varying between 1.0 wt% to 3.0 wt%. Simple and copper foam embedded heat sinks demonstrated significant temperature reduction by incorporating ZnO into cooling media within the internal cavities in contrast to the unfilled, unfinned heat sink under all heat inputs. These findings showed the effectiveness of NcPCM based copper sink in reducing peak temperature of 24.02 % and improving operational time of 35 and 69 min at targeted critical temperatures of 50 °C and 60 °C owing to favorable characteristics of high thermal conductivity and increased surface area. Hence, the incorporation of nanocarriers into nontoxic environment friendly PCMs is strongly advocated to promote sustainable progress in electronic thermal management, as it offers clean, zero-emission energy storage solution.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X25000309Copper foamRT-54HC (PCM)Clean energy storage solutionZero emission thermal managementZnO nanocarriers |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Farooq Imran Zahid M. Yasar Javaid Noreen Sher Akbar Enio Pedone Bandarra Filho M. Farrukh Shahzad M. Imran Khan Mohammad Ilyas Khan Mohammad Rehan Fahid Riaz Experimental case study for optimizing heat sink performance using ZnO nanocarriers integrated with phase change materials for environmental sustainability Case Studies in Thermal Engineering Copper foam RT-54HC (PCM) Clean energy storage solution Zero emission thermal management ZnO nanocarriers |
| title | Experimental case study for optimizing heat sink performance using ZnO nanocarriers integrated with phase change materials for environmental sustainability |
| title_full | Experimental case study for optimizing heat sink performance using ZnO nanocarriers integrated with phase change materials for environmental sustainability |
| title_fullStr | Experimental case study for optimizing heat sink performance using ZnO nanocarriers integrated with phase change materials for environmental sustainability |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental case study for optimizing heat sink performance using ZnO nanocarriers integrated with phase change materials for environmental sustainability |
| title_short | Experimental case study for optimizing heat sink performance using ZnO nanocarriers integrated with phase change materials for environmental sustainability |
| title_sort | experimental case study for optimizing heat sink performance using zno nanocarriers integrated with phase change materials for environmental sustainability |
| topic | Copper foam RT-54HC (PCM) Clean energy storage solution Zero emission thermal management ZnO nanocarriers |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X25000309 |
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