Bacterial Adhesion on Soft Surfaces: The Dual Role of Substrate Stiffness and Bacterial Growth Stage
The surface adhesion and stiffness of underlying substrates mediate the geometry, mechanics, and self-organization of expanding bacterial colonies. Recent studies have qualitatively indicted that stiffness may impact bacterial attachment and accumulation, yet the variation in the cell-to-surface adh...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-03-01
|
| Series: | Microorganisms |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/3/637 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Summary: | The surface adhesion and stiffness of underlying substrates mediate the geometry, mechanics, and self-organization of expanding bacterial colonies. Recent studies have qualitatively indicted that stiffness may impact bacterial attachment and accumulation, yet the variation in the cell-to-surface adhesion with substrate stiffness remains to be quantified. Here, by developing a cell-level force–distance spectroscopy (FDS) technique based on atomic force microscopy (AFM), we simultaneously quantify the cell–surface adhesion and stiffness of the underlying substrates to reveal the stiffness-dependent adhesion of the phototrophic bacterium <i>Chromatium okenii</i>. As the stiffness of the soft substrate, modeled using a low-melting-point (LMP) agarose pad, was varied between 20 kPa and 120 kPa by changing the agarose concentrations, we observed a progressive increase in the mean adhesion force by over an order of magnitude, from <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.21</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.10</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> nN to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>2.42</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>1.16</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> nN. In contrast, passive polystyrene (PS) microparticles of comparable dimensions showed no perceptible change in their surface adhesion, confirming that the stiffness-dependent adhesive interaction of <i>C. okenii</i> is of a biological origin. Furthermore, for <i>Escherichia coli</i>, the cell–surface adhesion varied between <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.29</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.17</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> nN and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.39</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.20</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> nN, showing a weak dependence on the substrate stiffness, thus suggesting that stiffness-modulated adhesion is a species-specific trait. Finally, by quantifying the adhesion of the <i>C. okenii</i> population across different timescales, we reported the emergent co-existence of weak and strongly adherent sub-populations, demonstrating diversification of the adherent phenotypes over the growth stages. Taken together, these findings suggest that bacteria, depending on the species and their physiological stage, may actively modulate cell-to-surface adhesion in response to the stiffness of soft surfaces. While the surface properties, for instance, hydrophobicity (or hydrophilicity), play a key role in mediating bacterial attachment, this work introduces substrate stiffness as a biophysical parameter that could reinforce or suppress effective surface interactions. Our results suggest how bacteria could leverage stiffness-dependent adhesion and the diversity therein as functional traits to modulate their initial attachment to, colonization of, and proliferation on soft substrates during the early stages of biofilm development. |
|---|---|
| ISSN: | 2076-2607 |