Nuclear Spectral Energy Distributions of Luminous Infrared Galaxies
We present nuclear (100–150 pc) spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for a sample of 23 nearby luminous infrared galaxies hosting a total of 28 nuclei. We gather aperture photometry from high-resolution X-ray to submillimeter data for each nuclear region localized by Atacama Large Millimeter/submill...
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IOP Publishing
2025-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add0b2 |
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| author | Tianmu Gao Vivian U Connor W. Auge Yiqing Song Sean T. Linden Kazushi Iwasawa Alessandro Peca George C. Privon David B. Sanders Núria Torres-Albà Loreto Barcos-Muñoz James Agostino Anne M. Medling |
| author_facet | Tianmu Gao Vivian U Connor W. Auge Yiqing Song Sean T. Linden Kazushi Iwasawa Alessandro Peca George C. Privon David B. Sanders Núria Torres-Albà Loreto Barcos-Muñoz James Agostino Anne M. Medling |
| author_sort | Tianmu Gao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present nuclear (100–150 pc) spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for a sample of 23 nearby luminous infrared galaxies hosting a total of 28 nuclei. We gather aperture photometry from high-resolution X-ray to submillimeter data for each nuclear region localized by Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of the dust continuum. We model the broadband SEDs using X-CIGALE. Binning the merging systems by interaction class, we find that the active galactic nucleus (AGN) fraction (fraction of AGN infrared luminosity to total infrared luminosity) appears enhanced in the late- and post-merger stages compared to the early-merger stage. Examining the relationship between X-ray emission and infrared emission of the nuclear regions, we find that the infrared emission in the nuclei is dominated by dust and AGNs, with minimal contribution from stars. We also find that nuclear regions have higher X-ray hardness ratios than the host galaxies globally among both the AGN and non-AGN population. We highlight the similarities and differences in the SEDs of dual nuclei in five closely separated late-stage merging systems: Arp 220 ( d _nuc ∼ 0.5 kpc), NGC 6240 ( d _nuc ∼ 1 kpc), IRAS 07251−0248 ( d _nuc ∼ 2 kpc), IRAS F12112+0305 ( d _nuc ∼ 4 kpc), and IRAS F14348+1447 ( d _nuc ∼ 6 kpc). The SEDs for these resolved pairs are distinct, suggesting that the AGN state is much more susceptible to the stellar and dust content within the immediate circumnuclear (<150 pc) environment than to the host’s global infrared luminosity or merger stage. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5bc962be2d6442f0b5f5f4ecef59fca9 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-5bc962be2d6442f0b5f5f4ecef59fca92025-08-20T03:25:29ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01988218510.3847/1538-4357/add0b2Nuclear Spectral Energy Distributions of Luminous Infrared GalaxiesTianmu Gao0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1158-6372Vivian U1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1912-0024Connor W. Auge2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5504-8752Yiqing Song3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3139-3041Sean T. Linden4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1000-6081Kazushi Iwasawa5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4923-3281Alessandro Peca6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-3298George C. Privon7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3474-1125David B. Sanders8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1233-9998Núria Torres-Albà9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3638-8943Loreto Barcos-Muñoz10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0057-8892James Agostino11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8122-3032Anne M. Medling12https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7421-2944Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University , Weston Creek, ACT 2611, Australia ; tianmu.gao@anu.edu.au; ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D) , AustraliaIPAC , Caltech, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697, USAEureka Scientific , 2452 Delmer Street, Suite 100, Oakland, CA 94602-3017, USA; Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USAEuropean Southern Observatory , Alonso de Córdova, 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, 763-0355, Chile; Joint ALMA Observatory , Alonso de Córdova, 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, 763-0355, ChileSteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAInstitut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB) , Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA , Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, SpainEureka Scientific , 2452 Delmer Street, Suite 100, Oakland, CA 94602-3017, USA; Department of Physics, Yale University , P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, CT 06520, USANational Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia , 530 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Florida , P.O. Box 112055, Gainesville, FL 32611, USAInstitute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Virginia , 530 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University , Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634, USANational Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia , 530 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USARitter Astrophysical Research Center and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Toledo , Toledo, OH 43606, USAARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D) , Australia; Ritter Astrophysical Research Center and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Toledo , Toledo, OH 43606, USAWe present nuclear (100–150 pc) spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for a sample of 23 nearby luminous infrared galaxies hosting a total of 28 nuclei. We gather aperture photometry from high-resolution X-ray to submillimeter data for each nuclear region localized by Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of the dust continuum. We model the broadband SEDs using X-CIGALE. Binning the merging systems by interaction class, we find that the active galactic nucleus (AGN) fraction (fraction of AGN infrared luminosity to total infrared luminosity) appears enhanced in the late- and post-merger stages compared to the early-merger stage. Examining the relationship between X-ray emission and infrared emission of the nuclear regions, we find that the infrared emission in the nuclei is dominated by dust and AGNs, with minimal contribution from stars. We also find that nuclear regions have higher X-ray hardness ratios than the host galaxies globally among both the AGN and non-AGN population. We highlight the similarities and differences in the SEDs of dual nuclei in five closely separated late-stage merging systems: Arp 220 ( d _nuc ∼ 0.5 kpc), NGC 6240 ( d _nuc ∼ 1 kpc), IRAS 07251−0248 ( d _nuc ∼ 2 kpc), IRAS F12112+0305 ( d _nuc ∼ 4 kpc), and IRAS F14348+1447 ( d _nuc ∼ 6 kpc). The SEDs for these resolved pairs are distinct, suggesting that the AGN state is much more susceptible to the stellar and dust content within the immediate circumnuclear (<150 pc) environment than to the host’s global infrared luminosity or merger stage.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add0b2Active galaxiesGalaxy interactionsGalaxy photometryInfrared galaxiesGalaxy nucleiSpectral energy distribution |
| spellingShingle | Tianmu Gao Vivian U Connor W. Auge Yiqing Song Sean T. Linden Kazushi Iwasawa Alessandro Peca George C. Privon David B. Sanders Núria Torres-Albà Loreto Barcos-Muñoz James Agostino Anne M. Medling Nuclear Spectral Energy Distributions of Luminous Infrared Galaxies The Astrophysical Journal Active galaxies Galaxy interactions Galaxy photometry Infrared galaxies Galaxy nuclei Spectral energy distribution |
| title | Nuclear Spectral Energy Distributions of Luminous Infrared Galaxies |
| title_full | Nuclear Spectral Energy Distributions of Luminous Infrared Galaxies |
| title_fullStr | Nuclear Spectral Energy Distributions of Luminous Infrared Galaxies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nuclear Spectral Energy Distributions of Luminous Infrared Galaxies |
| title_short | Nuclear Spectral Energy Distributions of Luminous Infrared Galaxies |
| title_sort | nuclear spectral energy distributions of luminous infrared galaxies |
| topic | Active galaxies Galaxy interactions Galaxy photometry Infrared galaxies Galaxy nuclei Spectral energy distribution |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add0b2 |
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