Spatiotemporal dynamics of the normalized difference vegetation index and its multidimensional drivers in a rapidly urbanizing coastal city: A case study of Lianyungang, China (2000−2023)

Coastal cities, as critical intersections of ecological integrity and human development, face escalating challenges from urbanization and climate change. This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its multidimensional drivers in Liany...

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Main Authors: Xue Li, Haihong He, Dewei Wang, Yiming Sun, Yichen Qin, Ke Wang, Yu Han, Jiabao Tang, Wenli Qiao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-11-01
Series:Ecological Informatics
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574954125004066
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author Xue Li
Haihong He
Dewei Wang
Yiming Sun
Yichen Qin
Ke Wang
Yu Han
Jiabao Tang
Wenli Qiao
author_facet Xue Li
Haihong He
Dewei Wang
Yiming Sun
Yichen Qin
Ke Wang
Yu Han
Jiabao Tang
Wenli Qiao
author_sort Xue Li
collection DOAJ
description Coastal cities, as critical intersections of ecological integrity and human development, face escalating challenges from urbanization and climate change. This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its multidimensional drivers in Lianyungang, China (2000–2023), using multi-source remote sensing data and statistical methods such as Sen's slope and the Hurst exponent. Key findings reveal that NDVI exhibited significant growth (0.26 %/yr, p < 0.01), with medium–high coverage areas (NDVI 0.5–0.7) expanding from 36.69 % to 63.29 %. BEAST identified two critical changepoints in 2003 (probability: 21.41 %) and 2013 (probability: 23.96 %), delineating three phases. The early period (2000−2003) exhibited stable growth, with 62.3 % of areas exhibiting positive NDVI trends and widespread sustainability (weak + strong sustainability: 100 %). However, rapid urbanization during 2004–2013 triggered vegetation degradation, as evidenced by negative NDVI trends in 68.6 % of areas and a surge in anti-persistence (strong + weak anti-sustainability: 23.5 %). Post-2013, policy interventions facilitated recovery, with 56.0 % of areas regaining positive NDVI trends and strong sustainability increasing to 17.3 %. Geodetector revealed that anthropogenic drivers dominated NDVI dynamics. Land use remained the strongest factor (q = 0.306 in 2000 and 0.228 in 2020), while nighttime light (NTL) showed the sharpest increase (q = 0.082 to 0.194). Conversely, precipitation's explanatory power declined markedly (q = 0.060 to 0.028). This study provides a scientific basis for ecological management in coastal cities, highlighting the role of policy in balancing urbanization and sustainability.
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spelling doaj-art-5b8bf6d9f43c4e0ba2bf0fd4b3cdff9f2025-08-26T04:14:11ZengElsevierEcological Informatics1574-95412025-11-019110339710.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103397Spatiotemporal dynamics of the normalized difference vegetation index and its multidimensional drivers in a rapidly urbanizing coastal city: A case study of Lianyungang, China (2000−2023)Xue Li0Haihong He1Dewei Wang2Yiming Sun3Yichen Qin4Ke Wang5Yu Han6Jiabao Tang7Wenli Qiao8School of Electronic Engineering, and School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, and Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Lepu Technology Co., Ltd, Zhenjiang 212002, ChinaSchool of Electronic Engineering, and School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, and Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, ChinaLianyungang Branch of Jiangsu Hydrology and Water Resources Survey Bureau, Lianyungang 222004, ChinaSchool of Electronic Engineering, and School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, and Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, ChinaSchool of Electronic Engineering, and School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, and Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, ChinaSchool of Electronic Engineering, and School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, and Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, ChinaSchool of Electronic Engineering, and School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, and Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, ChinaSchool of Electronic Engineering, and School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, and Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, ChinaSchool of Electronic Engineering, and School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, and Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Corresponding author.Coastal cities, as critical intersections of ecological integrity and human development, face escalating challenges from urbanization and climate change. This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its multidimensional drivers in Lianyungang, China (2000–2023), using multi-source remote sensing data and statistical methods such as Sen's slope and the Hurst exponent. Key findings reveal that NDVI exhibited significant growth (0.26 %/yr, p < 0.01), with medium–high coverage areas (NDVI 0.5–0.7) expanding from 36.69 % to 63.29 %. BEAST identified two critical changepoints in 2003 (probability: 21.41 %) and 2013 (probability: 23.96 %), delineating three phases. The early period (2000−2003) exhibited stable growth, with 62.3 % of areas exhibiting positive NDVI trends and widespread sustainability (weak + strong sustainability: 100 %). However, rapid urbanization during 2004–2013 triggered vegetation degradation, as evidenced by negative NDVI trends in 68.6 % of areas and a surge in anti-persistence (strong + weak anti-sustainability: 23.5 %). Post-2013, policy interventions facilitated recovery, with 56.0 % of areas regaining positive NDVI trends and strong sustainability increasing to 17.3 %. Geodetector revealed that anthropogenic drivers dominated NDVI dynamics. Land use remained the strongest factor (q = 0.306 in 2000 and 0.228 in 2020), while nighttime light (NTL) showed the sharpest increase (q = 0.082 to 0.194). Conversely, precipitation's explanatory power declined markedly (q = 0.060 to 0.028). This study provides a scientific basis for ecological management in coastal cities, highlighting the role of policy in balancing urbanization and sustainability.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574954125004066NDVISpatiotemporal characteristicsTrend variationEnvironmental sustainabilityEcological assessment
spellingShingle Xue Li
Haihong He
Dewei Wang
Yiming Sun
Yichen Qin
Ke Wang
Yu Han
Jiabao Tang
Wenli Qiao
Spatiotemporal dynamics of the normalized difference vegetation index and its multidimensional drivers in a rapidly urbanizing coastal city: A case study of Lianyungang, China (2000−2023)
Ecological Informatics
NDVI
Spatiotemporal characteristics
Trend variation
Environmental sustainability
Ecological assessment
title Spatiotemporal dynamics of the normalized difference vegetation index and its multidimensional drivers in a rapidly urbanizing coastal city: A case study of Lianyungang, China (2000−2023)
title_full Spatiotemporal dynamics of the normalized difference vegetation index and its multidimensional drivers in a rapidly urbanizing coastal city: A case study of Lianyungang, China (2000−2023)
title_fullStr Spatiotemporal dynamics of the normalized difference vegetation index and its multidimensional drivers in a rapidly urbanizing coastal city: A case study of Lianyungang, China (2000−2023)
title_full_unstemmed Spatiotemporal dynamics of the normalized difference vegetation index and its multidimensional drivers in a rapidly urbanizing coastal city: A case study of Lianyungang, China (2000−2023)
title_short Spatiotemporal dynamics of the normalized difference vegetation index and its multidimensional drivers in a rapidly urbanizing coastal city: A case study of Lianyungang, China (2000−2023)
title_sort spatiotemporal dynamics of the normalized difference vegetation index and its multidimensional drivers in a rapidly urbanizing coastal city a case study of lianyungang china 2000 2023
topic NDVI
Spatiotemporal characteristics
Trend variation
Environmental sustainability
Ecological assessment
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574954125004066
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