Magnitude of opportunistic infections and associated factors among HIV-infected individuals attending care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a hospital-based cross-sectional study
Objectives This study aims to assess the magnitude of opportunistic infection (OI) and to identify factors associated with OIs among people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral treatment (ART), attending HIV care and treatment clinics.Design A hospital-based cross-sectional study.Setting The st...
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BMJ Publishing Group
2025-01-01
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| Series: | BMJ Open |
| Online Access: | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/1/e085725.full |
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| author | Agricola Joachim Doreen Kamori Mtebe Majigo Doris Andrew Njelekela Rogath Kishimba Mololo Noah |
| author_facet | Agricola Joachim Doreen Kamori Mtebe Majigo Doris Andrew Njelekela Rogath Kishimba Mololo Noah |
| author_sort | Agricola Joachim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objectives This study aims to assess the magnitude of opportunistic infection (OI) and to identify factors associated with OIs among people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral treatment (ART), attending HIV care and treatment clinics.Design A hospital-based cross-sectional study.Setting The study was conducted at Muhimbili National Hospital, Mwananyamala and Temeke Regional Referral Hospitals, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Participants We enrolled 382 PLHIV on ART who were attending HIV care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam. Structured questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic information, and a checklist was used to extract clinical characteristics from the client’s HIV care and treatment clinic cards. Information was subjected to descriptive and regression analysis using Stata V.13. All factors were considered significant at p<0.05.Primary outcome Magnitude, spectrum of OI and associated factors among PLHIV using ART.Results A total of 382 PLHIV on ART were randomly selected and recruited in the study. The overall prevalence of OIs was 25.13%; the leading OI was tuberculosis affecting 58 patients (15.2%). CD4+ T cell counts≤200 cells/µL (aOR=13.61; 95% CI: 6.09 to 30.38) p<0.001, isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT) (aOR=4.10; 95% CI: 1.97 to 8.53) p<0.001, WHO clinical stage 4 (aOR=6.37; 95% CI: 1.47 to 27.61) p=0.013, divorced individuals (aOR=3.57; 95% CI: 1.43 to 8.90) p=0.006, male (aOR=3.04; 95% CI: 1.50 to 6.17) p=0.007, haemoglobin level<11.0 g/dL (aOR=2.25; 95% CI: 1.14 to 4.47) p=0.020 and level of education of primary and below (aOR=4.31; 95% CI: 1.8 to 10.32) p=0.001 showed significant association with OIs.Conclusion There was still a high prevalence of OI observed in this study which needs to be addressed. CD4+ T cell counts of ≤200 cells/µL, advanced WHO clinical stages, no use of IPT prophylaxis, anaemia and low education level were predictors of OIs. Promptly implementing the test-and-treat protocol while an individual’s immunity is still strong and timely screening for OI are critical. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5b6181751ff24070a2a13d975e5ec092 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2044-6055 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-5b6181751ff24070a2a13d975e5ec0922025-01-21T07:45:08ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Open2044-60552025-01-0115110.1136/bmjopen-2024-085725Magnitude of opportunistic infections and associated factors among HIV-infected individuals attending care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a hospital-based cross-sectional studyAgricola Joachim0Doreen Kamori1Mtebe Majigo2Doris Andrew Njelekela3Rogath Kishimba4Mololo Noah5Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of TanzaniaDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of TanzaniaDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of TanzaniaMicrobiology, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of TanzaniaTanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (TFELTP), Dar es Salaam, United Republic of TanzaniaTanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (TFELTP), Dar es Salaam, United Republic of TanzaniaObjectives This study aims to assess the magnitude of opportunistic infection (OI) and to identify factors associated with OIs among people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral treatment (ART), attending HIV care and treatment clinics.Design A hospital-based cross-sectional study.Setting The study was conducted at Muhimbili National Hospital, Mwananyamala and Temeke Regional Referral Hospitals, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Participants We enrolled 382 PLHIV on ART who were attending HIV care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam. Structured questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic information, and a checklist was used to extract clinical characteristics from the client’s HIV care and treatment clinic cards. Information was subjected to descriptive and regression analysis using Stata V.13. All factors were considered significant at p<0.05.Primary outcome Magnitude, spectrum of OI and associated factors among PLHIV using ART.Results A total of 382 PLHIV on ART were randomly selected and recruited in the study. The overall prevalence of OIs was 25.13%; the leading OI was tuberculosis affecting 58 patients (15.2%). CD4+ T cell counts≤200 cells/µL (aOR=13.61; 95% CI: 6.09 to 30.38) p<0.001, isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT) (aOR=4.10; 95% CI: 1.97 to 8.53) p<0.001, WHO clinical stage 4 (aOR=6.37; 95% CI: 1.47 to 27.61) p=0.013, divorced individuals (aOR=3.57; 95% CI: 1.43 to 8.90) p=0.006, male (aOR=3.04; 95% CI: 1.50 to 6.17) p=0.007, haemoglobin level<11.0 g/dL (aOR=2.25; 95% CI: 1.14 to 4.47) p=0.020 and level of education of primary and below (aOR=4.31; 95% CI: 1.8 to 10.32) p=0.001 showed significant association with OIs.Conclusion There was still a high prevalence of OI observed in this study which needs to be addressed. CD4+ T cell counts of ≤200 cells/µL, advanced WHO clinical stages, no use of IPT prophylaxis, anaemia and low education level were predictors of OIs. Promptly implementing the test-and-treat protocol while an individual’s immunity is still strong and timely screening for OI are critical.https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/1/e085725.full |
| spellingShingle | Agricola Joachim Doreen Kamori Mtebe Majigo Doris Andrew Njelekela Rogath Kishimba Mololo Noah Magnitude of opportunistic infections and associated factors among HIV-infected individuals attending care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a hospital-based cross-sectional study BMJ Open |
| title | Magnitude of opportunistic infections and associated factors among HIV-infected individuals attending care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a hospital-based cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Magnitude of opportunistic infections and associated factors among HIV-infected individuals attending care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a hospital-based cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Magnitude of opportunistic infections and associated factors among HIV-infected individuals attending care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a hospital-based cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Magnitude of opportunistic infections and associated factors among HIV-infected individuals attending care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a hospital-based cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Magnitude of opportunistic infections and associated factors among HIV-infected individuals attending care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a hospital-based cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | magnitude of opportunistic infections and associated factors among hiv infected individuals attending care and treatment clinics in dar es salaam tanzania a hospital based cross sectional study |
| url | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/1/e085725.full |
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