PD-1 is conserved from sharks to humans: new insights into PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, and SHP-2 evolution

PD-1 is conserved from sharks to humans: new insights into PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, and SHP-2 evolution

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint molecule until recently believed to exist only in tetrapod species. However, together with a very recent study dedicated to the CD28/CTLA4 molecule family, this study—using database information—identifies the PD-1 gene in both bony and c...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Ryohei Kondo, Kohei Kondo, Kei Nabeshima, Akihiko Nishikimi, Yasumasa Ishida, Toshiaki Shigeoka, Johannes M. Dijkstra
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-05-01
Series:Frontiers in Immunology
Subjects:
PD-1
PD-L1
PD-L2
SHP-1
SHP-2
SHP-2L
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1573492/full
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