Foliar Sprays of Citric Acid and Malic Acid Modify Growth, Flowering, and Root to Shoot Ratio of Gazania (Gazania rigens L.): A Comparative Analysis by ANOVA and Structural Equations Modeling
Foliar application of two levels of citric acid and malic acid (100 or 300 mg L−1) was investigated on flower stem height, plant height, flower performance and yield indices (fresh yield, dry yield and root to shoot ratio) of Gazania. Distilled water was applied as control treatment. Multivariate an...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Wiley
2014-01-01
|
| Series: | Advances in Agriculture |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/147278 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832558589456154624 |
|---|---|
| author | Majid Talebi Ebrahim Hadavi Nima Jaafari |
| author_facet | Majid Talebi Ebrahim Hadavi Nima Jaafari |
| author_sort | Majid Talebi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Foliar application of two levels of citric acid and malic acid (100 or 300 mg L−1) was investigated on flower stem height, plant height, flower performance and yield indices (fresh yield, dry yield and root to shoot ratio) of Gazania. Distilled water was applied as control treatment. Multivariate analysis revealed that while the experimental treatments had no significant effect on fresh weight and the flower count, the plant dry weight was significantly increased by 300 mg L−1 malic acid. Citric acid at 100 and 300 mg L−1 and 300 mg L−1 malic acid increased the root fresh weight significantly. Both the plant height and peduncle length were significantly increased in all applied levels of citric acid and malic acid. The display time of flowers on the plant increased in all treatments compared to control treatment. The root to shoot ratio was increased significantly in 300 mg L−1 citric acid compared to all other treatments. These findings confirm earlier reports that citric acid and malic acid as environmentally sound chemicals are effective on various aspects of growth and development of crops. Structural equations modeling is used in parallel to ANOVA to conclude the factor effects and the possible path of effects. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5860da05890545edafc3d2f49b894c03 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2356-654X 2314-7539 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2014-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Advances in Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj-art-5860da05890545edafc3d2f49b894c032025-02-03T01:31:58ZengWileyAdvances in Agriculture2356-654X2314-75392014-01-01201410.1155/2014/147278147278Foliar Sprays of Citric Acid and Malic Acid Modify Growth, Flowering, and Root to Shoot Ratio of Gazania (Gazania rigens L.): A Comparative Analysis by ANOVA and Structural Equations ModelingMajid Talebi0Ebrahim Hadavi1Nima Jaafari2Graduate School of Horticulture, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj 31876 44511, IranDepartment of Horticulture, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj 31876 44511, IranGraduate School of Horticulture, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj 31876 44511, IranFoliar application of two levels of citric acid and malic acid (100 or 300 mg L−1) was investigated on flower stem height, plant height, flower performance and yield indices (fresh yield, dry yield and root to shoot ratio) of Gazania. Distilled water was applied as control treatment. Multivariate analysis revealed that while the experimental treatments had no significant effect on fresh weight and the flower count, the plant dry weight was significantly increased by 300 mg L−1 malic acid. Citric acid at 100 and 300 mg L−1 and 300 mg L−1 malic acid increased the root fresh weight significantly. Both the plant height and peduncle length were significantly increased in all applied levels of citric acid and malic acid. The display time of flowers on the plant increased in all treatments compared to control treatment. The root to shoot ratio was increased significantly in 300 mg L−1 citric acid compared to all other treatments. These findings confirm earlier reports that citric acid and malic acid as environmentally sound chemicals are effective on various aspects of growth and development of crops. Structural equations modeling is used in parallel to ANOVA to conclude the factor effects and the possible path of effects.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/147278 |
| spellingShingle | Majid Talebi Ebrahim Hadavi Nima Jaafari Foliar Sprays of Citric Acid and Malic Acid Modify Growth, Flowering, and Root to Shoot Ratio of Gazania (Gazania rigens L.): A Comparative Analysis by ANOVA and Structural Equations Modeling Advances in Agriculture |
| title | Foliar Sprays of Citric Acid and Malic Acid Modify Growth, Flowering, and Root to Shoot Ratio of Gazania (Gazania rigens L.): A Comparative Analysis by ANOVA and Structural Equations Modeling |
| title_full | Foliar Sprays of Citric Acid and Malic Acid Modify Growth, Flowering, and Root to Shoot Ratio of Gazania (Gazania rigens L.): A Comparative Analysis by ANOVA and Structural Equations Modeling |
| title_fullStr | Foliar Sprays of Citric Acid and Malic Acid Modify Growth, Flowering, and Root to Shoot Ratio of Gazania (Gazania rigens L.): A Comparative Analysis by ANOVA and Structural Equations Modeling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Foliar Sprays of Citric Acid and Malic Acid Modify Growth, Flowering, and Root to Shoot Ratio of Gazania (Gazania rigens L.): A Comparative Analysis by ANOVA and Structural Equations Modeling |
| title_short | Foliar Sprays of Citric Acid and Malic Acid Modify Growth, Flowering, and Root to Shoot Ratio of Gazania (Gazania rigens L.): A Comparative Analysis by ANOVA and Structural Equations Modeling |
| title_sort | foliar sprays of citric acid and malic acid modify growth flowering and root to shoot ratio of gazania gazania rigens l a comparative analysis by anova and structural equations modeling |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/147278 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT majidtalebi foliarspraysofcitricacidandmalicacidmodifygrowthfloweringandroottoshootratioofgazaniagazaniarigenslacomparativeanalysisbyanovaandstructuralequationsmodeling AT ebrahimhadavi foliarspraysofcitricacidandmalicacidmodifygrowthfloweringandroottoshootratioofgazaniagazaniarigenslacomparativeanalysisbyanovaandstructuralequationsmodeling AT nimajaafari foliarspraysofcitricacidandmalicacidmodifygrowthfloweringandroottoshootratioofgazaniagazaniarigenslacomparativeanalysisbyanovaandstructuralequationsmodeling |