Physico-chemical and microbiological quality of raw milk produced by smallholder farmers in Gulu City, Northern Uganda

Smallholder dairy farmers in Northern Uganda sell raw milk to the final consumers without conducting quality control measures. This study evaluated physico-chemical and microbiological quality of milk produced by smallholder farmers in Gulu City. Samples of raw milk were collected from forty (40) sm...

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Main Authors: Alfred Opiyo, Kenneth Kidega, Ipolto Okello-Uma, Solomon Olum
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2024-12-01
Series:Cogent Food & Agriculture
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/23311932.2024.2303175
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author Alfred Opiyo
Kenneth Kidega
Ipolto Okello-Uma
Solomon Olum
author_facet Alfred Opiyo
Kenneth Kidega
Ipolto Okello-Uma
Solomon Olum
author_sort Alfred Opiyo
collection DOAJ
description Smallholder dairy farmers in Northern Uganda sell raw milk to the final consumers without conducting quality control measures. This study evaluated physico-chemical and microbiological quality of milk produced by smallholder farmers in Gulu City. Samples of raw milk were collected from forty (40) smallholder dairy farmers rearing lactating exotic breed of dairy cows (Holstein Friesian) in zero grazing units and eight (8) from milk collection centers. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21.0) by employing descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and t-test to separate significant means at 5% level of significance. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed in the content of solid-not-fat (SNF), specific gravity, pH value, lactic acid, Coliform count and total plate count of colony forming unit among four divisions in Gulu City. There was no discernible (p > 0.05) difference in protein as well as fat content for milk sampled from the study divisions. In conclusion, smallholder dairy farmers in Gulu City conduct limited recommended key practices for raw milk production leading to compromised microbiological and physico-chemical quality. Further research is needed on in-depth analysis of the different species of micro-organisms in raw milk from both local and exotic breeds of dairy cattle under the smallholder farming system in Northern Uganda.
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spelling doaj-art-57fbdfd2d9a94897bd09cbd76e41ff3b2025-08-20T02:38:14ZengTaylor & Francis GroupCogent Food & Agriculture2331-19322024-12-0110110.1080/23311932.2024.2303175Physico-chemical and microbiological quality of raw milk produced by smallholder farmers in Gulu City, Northern UgandaAlfred Opiyo0Kenneth Kidega1Ipolto Okello-Uma2Solomon Olum3Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Gulu University, Gulu, UgandaDepartment of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Gulu University, Gulu, UgandaDepartment of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Gulu University, Gulu, UgandaDepartment of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Gulu University, Gulu, UgandaSmallholder dairy farmers in Northern Uganda sell raw milk to the final consumers without conducting quality control measures. This study evaluated physico-chemical and microbiological quality of milk produced by smallholder farmers in Gulu City. Samples of raw milk were collected from forty (40) smallholder dairy farmers rearing lactating exotic breed of dairy cows (Holstein Friesian) in zero grazing units and eight (8) from milk collection centers. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21.0) by employing descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and t-test to separate significant means at 5% level of significance. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed in the content of solid-not-fat (SNF), specific gravity, pH value, lactic acid, Coliform count and total plate count of colony forming unit among four divisions in Gulu City. There was no discernible (p > 0.05) difference in protein as well as fat content for milk sampled from the study divisions. In conclusion, smallholder dairy farmers in Gulu City conduct limited recommended key practices for raw milk production leading to compromised microbiological and physico-chemical quality. Further research is needed on in-depth analysis of the different species of micro-organisms in raw milk from both local and exotic breeds of dairy cattle under the smallholder farming system in Northern Uganda.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/23311932.2024.2303175Microbiological qualityphysico-chemical qualityraw milksmallholder dairy farmersM. Luisa Escudero-Gilete, Universidad de Sevilla, SpainFood Chemistry; Food Microbiology; Animals & Ethics
spellingShingle Alfred Opiyo
Kenneth Kidega
Ipolto Okello-Uma
Solomon Olum
Physico-chemical and microbiological quality of raw milk produced by smallholder farmers in Gulu City, Northern Uganda
Cogent Food & Agriculture
Microbiological quality
physico-chemical quality
raw milk
smallholder dairy farmers
M. Luisa Escudero-Gilete, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
Food Chemistry; Food Microbiology; Animals & Ethics
title Physico-chemical and microbiological quality of raw milk produced by smallholder farmers in Gulu City, Northern Uganda
title_full Physico-chemical and microbiological quality of raw milk produced by smallholder farmers in Gulu City, Northern Uganda
title_fullStr Physico-chemical and microbiological quality of raw milk produced by smallholder farmers in Gulu City, Northern Uganda
title_full_unstemmed Physico-chemical and microbiological quality of raw milk produced by smallholder farmers in Gulu City, Northern Uganda
title_short Physico-chemical and microbiological quality of raw milk produced by smallholder farmers in Gulu City, Northern Uganda
title_sort physico chemical and microbiological quality of raw milk produced by smallholder farmers in gulu city northern uganda
topic Microbiological quality
physico-chemical quality
raw milk
smallholder dairy farmers
M. Luisa Escudero-Gilete, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
Food Chemistry; Food Microbiology; Animals & Ethics
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/23311932.2024.2303175
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