Individual and Simultaneous Photodegradation of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole Assessed with the Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment
Co-trimoxazole is an antibacterial drug, a mixture of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) in a ratio of 5:1. Due to the different susceptibility of both components to decomposition under the influence of sunlight, the aim of the study was to assess the change in bacteriostatic activity dur...
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2025-04-01
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| author | Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki Milena Wawryniuk Weronika Kopczyńska Joanna Giebułtowicz |
| author_facet | Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki Milena Wawryniuk Weronika Kopczyńska Joanna Giebułtowicz |
| author_sort | Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Co-trimoxazole is an antibacterial drug, a mixture of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) in a ratio of 5:1. Due to the different susceptibility of both components to decomposition under the influence of sunlight, the aim of the study was to assess the change in bacteriostatic activity during irradiation of the mixture of these antibiotics in a sunlight simulator. The bacteriostatic activity was assessed using a Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment (MARA), monitoring drug concentrations as well as the formation of photodegradation products using liquid chromatography (LC). The toxicity analysis of the SMX and TMP mixture showed synergistic bacteriostatic activity for six bacterial strains. This activity was maintained even during sample irradiation when 80–90% of SMX was degraded. This may indicate the bacteriostatic effect of SMX photoproducts and/or the lack of necessity to maintain a 5:1 ratio between SMX and TMP to maintain a strong effect of the mixture of these antibiotics. Analysis using LC with a high-resolution mass spectrometry detector revealed the presence of 11 SMX degradation products, including two with preserved sulfonamide structure, which may exhibit bacteriostatic activity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-57f5c436ea1d42e7bfa3ade5bc6bc9f1 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-57f5c436ea1d42e7bfa3ade5bc6bc9f12025-08-20T01:49:50ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-04-01309190710.3390/molecules30091907Individual and Simultaneous Photodegradation of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole Assessed with the Microbial Assay for Risk AssessmentGrzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki0Milena Wawryniuk1Weronika Kopczyńska2Joanna Giebułtowicz3Department of Toxicology and Food Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszawa, PolandDepartment of Toxicology and Food Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszawa, PolandDepartment of Toxicology and Food Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszawa, PolandDepartment of Drug Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszawa, PolandCo-trimoxazole is an antibacterial drug, a mixture of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) in a ratio of 5:1. Due to the different susceptibility of both components to decomposition under the influence of sunlight, the aim of the study was to assess the change in bacteriostatic activity during irradiation of the mixture of these antibiotics in a sunlight simulator. The bacteriostatic activity was assessed using a Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment (MARA), monitoring drug concentrations as well as the formation of photodegradation products using liquid chromatography (LC). The toxicity analysis of the SMX and TMP mixture showed synergistic bacteriostatic activity for six bacterial strains. This activity was maintained even during sample irradiation when 80–90% of SMX was degraded. This may indicate the bacteriostatic effect of SMX photoproducts and/or the lack of necessity to maintain a 5:1 ratio between SMX and TMP to maintain a strong effect of the mixture of these antibiotics. Analysis using LC with a high-resolution mass spectrometry detector revealed the presence of 11 SMX degradation products, including two with preserved sulfonamide structure, which may exhibit bacteriostatic activity.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/9/1907MARAphotodegradationsulfonamidessunlight simulatorpharmaceuticalsantibiotics |
| spellingShingle | Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki Milena Wawryniuk Weronika Kopczyńska Joanna Giebułtowicz Individual and Simultaneous Photodegradation of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole Assessed with the Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment Molecules MARA photodegradation sulfonamides sunlight simulator pharmaceuticals antibiotics |
| title | Individual and Simultaneous Photodegradation of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole Assessed with the Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment |
| title_full | Individual and Simultaneous Photodegradation of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole Assessed with the Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment |
| title_fullStr | Individual and Simultaneous Photodegradation of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole Assessed with the Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Individual and Simultaneous Photodegradation of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole Assessed with the Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment |
| title_short | Individual and Simultaneous Photodegradation of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole Assessed with the Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment |
| title_sort | individual and simultaneous photodegradation of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole assessed with the microbial assay for risk assessment |
| topic | MARA photodegradation sulfonamides sunlight simulator pharmaceuticals antibiotics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/9/1907 |
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