SN 2021hpr: A Normal Type Ia Supernova Showing Excess Emission in the Early Rising Phase
We present extensive optical observations of a nearby Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), SN 2021hpr, located in the spiral galaxy NGC 3147 at a distance of ∼45 Mpc. Our observations cover a phase within ∼1–2 days to ∼290 days after the explosion. SN 2021hpr is found to be a spectroscopically normal SN Ia, w...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Abdusamatjan Iskandar Xiaofeng Wang Ali Esamdin Xiangyun Zeng Craig Pellegrino Shengyu Yan Jialian Liu Alexei V. Filippenko D. Andrew Howell Curtis McCully Thomas G. Brink Maokai Hu Yi Yang WeiKang Zheng Guoliang Lü Jujia Zhang CuiYing Song RuiFeng Huang Rachael C. Amaro Chunhai Bai Kyle G. Dettman Lluís Galbany Daichi Hiramatsu Bostroem K. Azalee Koichi Itagaki Saurabh W. Jha Shuguo Ma David J. Sand Jennifer E. Andrews Jacob Jencson Peter Milne Jeniveve Pearson Manisha Shrestha Nathan Smith Réka Könyves-Tóth Samuel Wyatt Xuan Zhang Shahidin Yaqup Letian Wang Mengfan Zhang |
| author_facet | Abdusamatjan Iskandar Xiaofeng Wang Ali Esamdin Xiangyun Zeng Craig Pellegrino Shengyu Yan Jialian Liu Alexei V. Filippenko D. Andrew Howell Curtis McCully Thomas G. Brink Maokai Hu Yi Yang WeiKang Zheng Guoliang Lü Jujia Zhang CuiYing Song RuiFeng Huang Rachael C. Amaro Chunhai Bai Kyle G. Dettman Lluís Galbany Daichi Hiramatsu Bostroem K. Azalee Koichi Itagaki Saurabh W. Jha Shuguo Ma David J. Sand Jennifer E. Andrews Jacob Jencson Peter Milne Jeniveve Pearson Manisha Shrestha Nathan Smith Réka Könyves-Tóth Samuel Wyatt Xuan Zhang Shahidin Yaqup Letian Wang Mengfan Zhang |
| author_sort | Abdusamatjan Iskandar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present extensive optical observations of a nearby Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), SN 2021hpr, located in the spiral galaxy NGC 3147 at a distance of ∼45 Mpc. Our observations cover a phase within ∼1–2 days to ∼290 days after the explosion. SN 2021hpr is found to be a spectroscopically normal SN Ia, with an absolute B -band peak magnitude of ${M}_{{\rm{\max }}}(B)\approx -19.16\pm 0.14$ mag and a postpeak decline rate of Δ m _15 ( B ) = 1.0 ± 0.01 mag. Early time light curves showed a ∼7.0% excess emission compared to a homogeneously expanding fireball model, likely due to SN ejecta interacting with a companion or immediate circumstellar matter (CSM). The optical spectra of SN 2021hpr are overall similar to those of normal SNe Ia, but characterized by prominent detached high-velocity features (HVFs) of Si ii and Ca ii in the early phase. After examining a small sample of well-observed normal SNe Ia, we find that the HVFs are likely common for the subgroup with early excess emission. The association of an early bump feature with the HVFs could be attributed to density or abundance enhancement at the outer layer of the exploding star, likely as a result of interactions with companion/CSM or experiencing more complete burning. Nevertheless, the redshifted Fe ii and Ni ii lines in the nebular-phase spectra of SN 2021hpr, contrary to the blueshift trend seen in other SNe Ia showing early bump features, indicate its peculiarity in the explosion that remains to be understood. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-57ac3dccc72d418d8ec4536b1d79d0a52025-08-20T02:27:24ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01984216010.3847/1538-4357/adb3a4SN 2021hpr: A Normal Type Ia Supernova Showing Excess Emission in the Early Rising PhaseAbdusamatjan Iskandar0https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9229-9942Xiaofeng Wang1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7334-2357Ali Esamdin2Xiangyun Zeng3Craig Pellegrino4Shengyu Yan5Jialian Liu6Alexei V. Filippenko7D. Andrew Howell8Curtis McCully9Thomas G. Brink10Maokai Hu11Yi Yang12WeiKang Zheng13Guoliang Lü14Jujia Zhang15CuiYing Song16RuiFeng Huang17Rachael C. Amaro18Chunhai Bai19Kyle G. Dettman20Lluís Galbany21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1296-6887Daichi Hiramatsu22https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-9187Bostroem K. Azalee23Koichi Itagaki24Saurabh W. Jha25https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8738-6011Shuguo Ma26David J. Sand27https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4102-380XJennifer E. Andrews28https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0123-0062Jacob Jencson29https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-4007Peter Milne30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0370-157XJeniveve Pearson31https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0744-0047Manisha Shrestha32https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4022-1874Nathan Smith33https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5510-2424Réka Könyves-Tóth34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8770-6764Samuel Wyatt35Xuan Zhang36Shahidin Yaqup37Letian Wang38Mengfan Zhang39Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, People’s Republic of China ; aliyi@xao.ac.cn; School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of ChinaPhysics Department, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China ; wang_xf@mail.tsinghua.edu.cnXinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, People’s Republic of China ; aliyi@xao.ac.cn; School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of ChinaCenter for Astronomy and Space Sciences, Three Gorges University , YiChang 443000, People’s Republic of China; College of Sciences, Three Gorges University , YiChang 443000, People’s Republic of ChinaGoddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAPhysics Department, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China ; wang_xf@mail.tsinghua.edu.cnPhysics Department, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China ; wang_xf@mail.tsinghua.edu.cnDepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USALas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USALas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USAPhysics Department, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China ; wang_xf@mail.tsinghua.edu.cnPhysics Department, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China ; wang_xf@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn; Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USAXinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, People’s Republic of China ; aliyi@xao.ac.cnYunnan Observatories (YNAO), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650216, People’s Republic of China; International Centre of Supernovae , Yunnan Key Laboratory, Kunming 650216, People’s Republic of ChinaPhysics Department, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China ; wang_xf@mail.tsinghua.edu.cnPhysics Department, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China ; wang_xf@mail.tsinghua.edu.cnDepartment of Astronomy and Steward Observatory , The University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAXinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, People’s Republic of China ; aliyi@xao.ac.cnDepartment of Physics and Astronomy , Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USAInstitute of Space Sciences (ICE-CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), SpainCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA; The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions , USASteward Observatory , University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USAItagaki Astronomical Observatory , Yamagata, Yamagata 990-2492, JapanDepartment of Physics and Astronomy , Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USAKey Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100012, People’s Republic of ChinaSteward Observatory , University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USAGemini Observatory , 670 North A‘ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720-2700, USAIPAC , Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USASteward Observatory , University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USASteward Observatory , University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USASteward Observatory , University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USASteward Observatory , University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USAKonkoly Observatory , HUN-REN Research Center for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Konkoly Th. M. út 15-17., Budapest, 1121, Hungary ; MTA Center of Excellence; Department of Experimental Physics , Institute of Physics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, HungaryAstrophysics Science Division , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAXinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, People’s Republic of China ; aliyi@xao.ac.cnXinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, People’s Republic of China ; aliyi@xao.ac.cnXinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, People’s Republic of China ; aliyi@xao.ac.cnXinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, People’s Republic of China ; aliyi@xao.ac.cnWe present extensive optical observations of a nearby Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), SN 2021hpr, located in the spiral galaxy NGC 3147 at a distance of ∼45 Mpc. Our observations cover a phase within ∼1–2 days to ∼290 days after the explosion. SN 2021hpr is found to be a spectroscopically normal SN Ia, with an absolute B -band peak magnitude of ${M}_{{\rm{\max }}}(B)\approx -19.16\pm 0.14$ mag and a postpeak decline rate of Δ m _15 ( B ) = 1.0 ± 0.01 mag. Early time light curves showed a ∼7.0% excess emission compared to a homogeneously expanding fireball model, likely due to SN ejecta interacting with a companion or immediate circumstellar matter (CSM). The optical spectra of SN 2021hpr are overall similar to those of normal SNe Ia, but characterized by prominent detached high-velocity features (HVFs) of Si ii and Ca ii in the early phase. After examining a small sample of well-observed normal SNe Ia, we find that the HVFs are likely common for the subgroup with early excess emission. The association of an early bump feature with the HVFs could be attributed to density or abundance enhancement at the outer layer of the exploding star, likely as a result of interactions with companion/CSM or experiencing more complete burning. Nevertheless, the redshifted Fe ii and Ni ii lines in the nebular-phase spectra of SN 2021hpr, contrary to the blueshift trend seen in other SNe Ia showing early bump features, indicate its peculiarity in the explosion that remains to be understood.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adb3a4SupernovaeType Ia supernovae |
| spellingShingle | Abdusamatjan Iskandar Xiaofeng Wang Ali Esamdin Xiangyun Zeng Craig Pellegrino Shengyu Yan Jialian Liu Alexei V. Filippenko D. Andrew Howell Curtis McCully Thomas G. Brink Maokai Hu Yi Yang WeiKang Zheng Guoliang Lü Jujia Zhang CuiYing Song RuiFeng Huang Rachael C. Amaro Chunhai Bai Kyle G. Dettman Lluís Galbany Daichi Hiramatsu Bostroem K. Azalee Koichi Itagaki Saurabh W. Jha Shuguo Ma David J. Sand Jennifer E. Andrews Jacob Jencson Peter Milne Jeniveve Pearson Manisha Shrestha Nathan Smith Réka Könyves-Tóth Samuel Wyatt Xuan Zhang Shahidin Yaqup Letian Wang Mengfan Zhang SN 2021hpr: A Normal Type Ia Supernova Showing Excess Emission in the Early Rising Phase The Astrophysical Journal Supernovae Type Ia supernovae |
| title | SN 2021hpr: A Normal Type Ia Supernova Showing Excess Emission in the Early Rising Phase |
| title_full | SN 2021hpr: A Normal Type Ia Supernova Showing Excess Emission in the Early Rising Phase |
| title_fullStr | SN 2021hpr: A Normal Type Ia Supernova Showing Excess Emission in the Early Rising Phase |
| title_full_unstemmed | SN 2021hpr: A Normal Type Ia Supernova Showing Excess Emission in the Early Rising Phase |
| title_short | SN 2021hpr: A Normal Type Ia Supernova Showing Excess Emission in the Early Rising Phase |
| title_sort | sn 2021hpr a normal type ia supernova showing excess emission in the early rising phase |
| topic | Supernovae Type Ia supernovae |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adb3a4 |
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