Oncolytic Viruses and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma and Retinoblastoma: The Current Landscape and Novel Advances
Intraocular malignant tumors are rare; however, they can cause serious life-threatening complications. Uveal melanoma (UM) and retinoblastoma (RB) are the most common intraocular tumors in adults and children, respectively, and come with a great disease burden. For many years, several different trea...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Merve Kulbay Nicolas Tuli Massimo Mazza Armaan Jaffer Sarinee Juntipwong Emily Marcotte Stuti Misty Tanya Anne Xuan-Lan Nguyen Miguel N. Burnier Hakan Demirci |
| author_facet | Merve Kulbay Nicolas Tuli Massimo Mazza Armaan Jaffer Sarinee Juntipwong Emily Marcotte Stuti Misty Tanya Anne Xuan-Lan Nguyen Miguel N. Burnier Hakan Demirci |
| author_sort | Merve Kulbay |
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| description | Intraocular malignant tumors are rare; however, they can cause serious life-threatening complications. Uveal melanoma (UM) and retinoblastoma (RB) are the most common intraocular tumors in adults and children, respectively, and come with a great disease burden. For many years, several different treatment modalities for UM and RB have been proposed, with chemotherapy for RB cases and plaque radiation therapy for localized UM as first-line treatment options. Extraocular extension, recurrence, and metastasis constitute the major challenges of conventional treatments. To overcome these obstacles, immunotherapy, which encompasses different treatment options such as oncolytic viruses, antibody-mediated immune modulations, and targeted immunotherapy, has shown great potential as a novel therapeutic tool for cancer therapy. These anti-cancer treatment options provide numerous advantages such as selective cancer cell death and the promotion of an anti-tumor immune response, and they prove useful in preventing vision impairment due to macular and/or optic disc involvement. Numerous factors such as the vector choice, route of administration, dosing, and patient characteristics must be considered when engineering an oncolytic virus or other forms of immunotherapy vectors. This manuscript provides an in-depth review of the molecular design of oncolytic viruses (e.g., virus capsid proteins and encapsulation technologies, vectors for delivery, cell targeting) and immunotherapy. The most recent advances in preclinical- and clinical-phase studies are further summarized. The recent developments in virus-like drug conjugates (i.e., AU011), oncolytic viruses for metastatic UM, and targeted immunotherapies have shown great results in clinical trials for the future clinical application of these novel technologies in the treatment algorithm of certain intraocular tumors. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-578aa511a90d422aa2ed568541805b8c |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj-art-578aa511a90d422aa2ed568541805b8c2025-01-24T13:24:02ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592025-01-0113110810.3390/biomedicines13010108Oncolytic Viruses and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma and Retinoblastoma: The Current Landscape and Novel AdvancesMerve Kulbay0Nicolas Tuli1Massimo Mazza2Armaan Jaffer3Sarinee Juntipwong4Emily Marcotte5Stuti Misty Tanya6Anne Xuan-Lan Nguyen7Miguel N. Burnier8Hakan Demirci9Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaFaculty of Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V5, CanadaKellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USAMcGill University Ocular Pathology and Translational Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaDepartment of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaDepartment of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, CanadaDepartment of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaKellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USAIntraocular malignant tumors are rare; however, they can cause serious life-threatening complications. Uveal melanoma (UM) and retinoblastoma (RB) are the most common intraocular tumors in adults and children, respectively, and come with a great disease burden. For many years, several different treatment modalities for UM and RB have been proposed, with chemotherapy for RB cases and plaque radiation therapy for localized UM as first-line treatment options. Extraocular extension, recurrence, and metastasis constitute the major challenges of conventional treatments. To overcome these obstacles, immunotherapy, which encompasses different treatment options such as oncolytic viruses, antibody-mediated immune modulations, and targeted immunotherapy, has shown great potential as a novel therapeutic tool for cancer therapy. These anti-cancer treatment options provide numerous advantages such as selective cancer cell death and the promotion of an anti-tumor immune response, and they prove useful in preventing vision impairment due to macular and/or optic disc involvement. Numerous factors such as the vector choice, route of administration, dosing, and patient characteristics must be considered when engineering an oncolytic virus or other forms of immunotherapy vectors. This manuscript provides an in-depth review of the molecular design of oncolytic viruses (e.g., virus capsid proteins and encapsulation technologies, vectors for delivery, cell targeting) and immunotherapy. The most recent advances in preclinical- and clinical-phase studies are further summarized. The recent developments in virus-like drug conjugates (i.e., AU011), oncolytic viruses for metastatic UM, and targeted immunotherapies have shown great results in clinical trials for the future clinical application of these novel technologies in the treatment algorithm of certain intraocular tumors.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/1/108uveal melanomaretinoblastomaadvances in oncolytic viruses and immunotherapyintraocular tumors |
| spellingShingle | Merve Kulbay Nicolas Tuli Massimo Mazza Armaan Jaffer Sarinee Juntipwong Emily Marcotte Stuti Misty Tanya Anne Xuan-Lan Nguyen Miguel N. Burnier Hakan Demirci Oncolytic Viruses and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma and Retinoblastoma: The Current Landscape and Novel Advances Biomedicines uveal melanoma retinoblastoma advances in oncolytic viruses and immunotherapy intraocular tumors |
| title | Oncolytic Viruses and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma and Retinoblastoma: The Current Landscape and Novel Advances |
| title_full | Oncolytic Viruses and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma and Retinoblastoma: The Current Landscape and Novel Advances |
| title_fullStr | Oncolytic Viruses and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma and Retinoblastoma: The Current Landscape and Novel Advances |
| title_full_unstemmed | Oncolytic Viruses and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma and Retinoblastoma: The Current Landscape and Novel Advances |
| title_short | Oncolytic Viruses and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma and Retinoblastoma: The Current Landscape and Novel Advances |
| title_sort | oncolytic viruses and immunotherapy for the treatment of uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma the current landscape and novel advances |
| topic | uveal melanoma retinoblastoma advances in oncolytic viruses and immunotherapy intraocular tumors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/1/108 |
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