Transitioning from Oxime to the Next Potential Organophosphorus Poisoning Therapy Using Enzymes
For years, organophosphorus poisoning has been a major concern of health problems throughout the world. An estimated 200,000 acute pesticide poisoning deaths occur each year, many in developing countries. Apart from the agricultural pesticide poisoning, terrorists have used these organophosphorus co...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Chemistry |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7319588 |
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| author | Rauda A. Mohamed Keat K. Ong Noor Azilah M. Kasim Norhana A. Halim Siti Aminah M. Noor Victor F. Knight Nurul Najwa Ab. Rahman Wan Md Zin W. Yunus |
| author_facet | Rauda A. Mohamed Keat K. Ong Noor Azilah M. Kasim Norhana A. Halim Siti Aminah M. Noor Victor F. Knight Nurul Najwa Ab. Rahman Wan Md Zin W. Yunus |
| author_sort | Rauda A. Mohamed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | For years, organophosphorus poisoning has been a major concern of health problems throughout the world. An estimated 200,000 acute pesticide poisoning deaths occur each year, many in developing countries. Apart from the agricultural pesticide poisoning, terrorists have used these organophosphorus compounds to attack civilian populations in some countries. Recent misuses of sarin in the Syrian conflict had been reported in 2018. Since the 1950s, the therapy to overcome this health problem is to utilize a reactivator to reactivate the inhibited acetylcholinesterase by these organophosphorus compounds. However, many questions remain unanswered regarding the efficacy and toxicity of this reactivator. Pralidoxime, MMB-4, TMB-4, obidoxime, and HI-6 are the examples of the established oximes, yet they are of insufficient effectiveness in some poisonings and only a limited spectrum of the different nerve agents and pesticides are being covered. Alternatively, an option in the treatment of organophosphorus poisoning that has been explored is through the use of enzyme therapy. Organophosphorus hydrolases are a group of enzymes that look promising for detoxifying organophosphorus compounds and have recently gained much interest. These enzymes have demonstrated remarkable protective and antidotal value against some different organophosphorus compounds in vivo in animal models. Apart from that, enzyme treatments have also been applied for decontamination purposes. In this review, the restrictions and obstacles in the therapeutic development of oximes, along with the new strategies to overcome the problems, are discussed. The emerging interest in enzyme treatment with its advantages and disadvantages is described as well. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-576423dfd80a407f89a21d7abf651722 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2090-9063 2090-9071 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-576423dfd80a407f89a21d7abf6517222025-02-03T01:27:22ZengWileyJournal of Chemistry2090-90632090-90712021-01-01202110.1155/2021/73195887319588Transitioning from Oxime to the Next Potential Organophosphorus Poisoning Therapy Using EnzymesRauda A. Mohamed0Keat K. Ong1Noor Azilah M. Kasim2Norhana A. Halim3Siti Aminah M. Noor4Victor F. Knight5Nurul Najwa Ab. Rahman6Wan Md Zin W. Yunus7Centre for Chemical Defence, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCentre for Chemical Defence, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCentre for Chemical Defence, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCentre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCentre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCentre for Chemical Defence, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCentre for Chemical Defence, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCentre for Tropicalization, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaFor years, organophosphorus poisoning has been a major concern of health problems throughout the world. An estimated 200,000 acute pesticide poisoning deaths occur each year, many in developing countries. Apart from the agricultural pesticide poisoning, terrorists have used these organophosphorus compounds to attack civilian populations in some countries. Recent misuses of sarin in the Syrian conflict had been reported in 2018. Since the 1950s, the therapy to overcome this health problem is to utilize a reactivator to reactivate the inhibited acetylcholinesterase by these organophosphorus compounds. However, many questions remain unanswered regarding the efficacy and toxicity of this reactivator. Pralidoxime, MMB-4, TMB-4, obidoxime, and HI-6 are the examples of the established oximes, yet they are of insufficient effectiveness in some poisonings and only a limited spectrum of the different nerve agents and pesticides are being covered. Alternatively, an option in the treatment of organophosphorus poisoning that has been explored is through the use of enzyme therapy. Organophosphorus hydrolases are a group of enzymes that look promising for detoxifying organophosphorus compounds and have recently gained much interest. These enzymes have demonstrated remarkable protective and antidotal value against some different organophosphorus compounds in vivo in animal models. Apart from that, enzyme treatments have also been applied for decontamination purposes. In this review, the restrictions and obstacles in the therapeutic development of oximes, along with the new strategies to overcome the problems, are discussed. The emerging interest in enzyme treatment with its advantages and disadvantages is described as well.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7319588 |
| spellingShingle | Rauda A. Mohamed Keat K. Ong Noor Azilah M. Kasim Norhana A. Halim Siti Aminah M. Noor Victor F. Knight Nurul Najwa Ab. Rahman Wan Md Zin W. Yunus Transitioning from Oxime to the Next Potential Organophosphorus Poisoning Therapy Using Enzymes Journal of Chemistry |
| title | Transitioning from Oxime to the Next Potential Organophosphorus Poisoning Therapy Using Enzymes |
| title_full | Transitioning from Oxime to the Next Potential Organophosphorus Poisoning Therapy Using Enzymes |
| title_fullStr | Transitioning from Oxime to the Next Potential Organophosphorus Poisoning Therapy Using Enzymes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transitioning from Oxime to the Next Potential Organophosphorus Poisoning Therapy Using Enzymes |
| title_short | Transitioning from Oxime to the Next Potential Organophosphorus Poisoning Therapy Using Enzymes |
| title_sort | transitioning from oxime to the next potential organophosphorus poisoning therapy using enzymes |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7319588 |
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