Beneficial Effects of <i>In Vitro</i> Reconstructed Human Gut Microbiota by Ginseng Extract Fermentation on Intestinal Cell Lines
Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) affects the aging process and increases the likelihood of several diseases. A new frontier in its prevention includes bioactive foods and natural extracts that can be introduced by the diet in combination with specific probiotics. Among the na...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| author | Margherita Finazzi Federica Bovio Matilde Forcella Marina Lasagni Paola Fusi Patrizia Di Gennaro |
| author_facet | Margherita Finazzi Federica Bovio Matilde Forcella Marina Lasagni Paola Fusi Patrizia Di Gennaro |
| author_sort | Margherita Finazzi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) affects the aging process and increases the likelihood of several diseases. A new frontier in its prevention includes bioactive foods and natural extracts that can be introduced by the diet in combination with specific probiotics. Among the natural compounds that we can introduce by the diet, <i>Panax ginseng</i> extract is one of the most utilized since it contains a vast number of bioactive molecules such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides that have been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-ageing, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory activity. In this work, the ability of a <i>P. ginseng</i> extract in combination with a probiotic formulation was taken into consideration to evaluate its effects on the modulation of <i>in vitro</i> reconstructed human gut microbiota (HGM). After evaluating the growth of the individual strains on the ginseng extract, we tested the <i>in vitro</i> reconstructed HGM setup (probiotics, minimal core, and whole community) using 2% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> ginseng as the only carbon and energy source. The probiotic strains reached the highest growth, while the minimal core and the whole community showed almost the same growth. Specifically, the presence of the ginseng extract favors <i>L. plantarum</i> and <i>B. animalis</i> subsp. <i>lactis</i> among the probiotics, while <i>B. cellulosilyticus</i> prevails over the other strains in the minimal core condition. In the presence of both probiotics and minimal core strains, <i>L. plantarum</i>, <i>B. animalis</i> subsp. <i>lactis</i>, and <i>B. cellulosilyticus</i> reach the highest growth values. The bacterial metabolites produced during ginseng extract fermentation in the three conditions were administered to human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29) to investigate a potential antioxidant effect. Remarkably, our results highlighted a significant reduction in the total ROS and a slightly reduction in the cytosolic superoxide anion content in HT-29 cells treated with bacterial metabolites deriving from ginseng extract fermentation by the whole community. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-54d7d04acdfe4b10bcd2834d426aa165 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-54d7d04acdfe4b10bcd2834d426aa1652025-01-24T13:43:00ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-01-0113119210.3390/microorganisms13010192Beneficial Effects of <i>In Vitro</i> Reconstructed Human Gut Microbiota by Ginseng Extract Fermentation on Intestinal Cell LinesMargherita Finazzi0Federica Bovio1Matilde Forcella2Marina Lasagni3Paola Fusi4Patrizia Di Gennaro5Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, ItalyOxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) affects the aging process and increases the likelihood of several diseases. A new frontier in its prevention includes bioactive foods and natural extracts that can be introduced by the diet in combination with specific probiotics. Among the natural compounds that we can introduce by the diet, <i>Panax ginseng</i> extract is one of the most utilized since it contains a vast number of bioactive molecules such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides that have been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-ageing, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory activity. In this work, the ability of a <i>P. ginseng</i> extract in combination with a probiotic formulation was taken into consideration to evaluate its effects on the modulation of <i>in vitro</i> reconstructed human gut microbiota (HGM). After evaluating the growth of the individual strains on the ginseng extract, we tested the <i>in vitro</i> reconstructed HGM setup (probiotics, minimal core, and whole community) using 2% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> ginseng as the only carbon and energy source. The probiotic strains reached the highest growth, while the minimal core and the whole community showed almost the same growth. Specifically, the presence of the ginseng extract favors <i>L. plantarum</i> and <i>B. animalis</i> subsp. <i>lactis</i> among the probiotics, while <i>B. cellulosilyticus</i> prevails over the other strains in the minimal core condition. In the presence of both probiotics and minimal core strains, <i>L. plantarum</i>, <i>B. animalis</i> subsp. <i>lactis</i>, and <i>B. cellulosilyticus</i> reach the highest growth values. The bacterial metabolites produced during ginseng extract fermentation in the three conditions were administered to human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29) to investigate a potential antioxidant effect. Remarkably, our results highlighted a significant reduction in the total ROS and a slightly reduction in the cytosolic superoxide anion content in HT-29 cells treated with bacterial metabolites deriving from ginseng extract fermentation by the whole community.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/192HGMmicrobiota reconstructionprebioticsginsengprobioticsfunctional food |
| spellingShingle | Margherita Finazzi Federica Bovio Matilde Forcella Marina Lasagni Paola Fusi Patrizia Di Gennaro Beneficial Effects of <i>In Vitro</i> Reconstructed Human Gut Microbiota by Ginseng Extract Fermentation on Intestinal Cell Lines Microorganisms HGM microbiota reconstruction prebiotics ginseng probiotics functional food |
| title | Beneficial Effects of <i>In Vitro</i> Reconstructed Human Gut Microbiota by Ginseng Extract Fermentation on Intestinal Cell Lines |
| title_full | Beneficial Effects of <i>In Vitro</i> Reconstructed Human Gut Microbiota by Ginseng Extract Fermentation on Intestinal Cell Lines |
| title_fullStr | Beneficial Effects of <i>In Vitro</i> Reconstructed Human Gut Microbiota by Ginseng Extract Fermentation on Intestinal Cell Lines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Beneficial Effects of <i>In Vitro</i> Reconstructed Human Gut Microbiota by Ginseng Extract Fermentation on Intestinal Cell Lines |
| title_short | Beneficial Effects of <i>In Vitro</i> Reconstructed Human Gut Microbiota by Ginseng Extract Fermentation on Intestinal Cell Lines |
| title_sort | beneficial effects of i in vitro i reconstructed human gut microbiota by ginseng extract fermentation on intestinal cell lines |
| topic | HGM microbiota reconstruction prebiotics ginseng probiotics functional food |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/192 |
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