A Series of Novel Alleles of <i>Ehd2</i> Modulating Heading and Salt Tolerance in Rice
Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) is a staple crop for nearly half of the global population and one of China’s most extensively cultivated cereals. Heading date, a critical agronomic trait, determines the regional and seasonal adaptability of rice varieties. In this study, a series of mutant...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Peng Xu Shulei Hao Xiaoxia Wen Guifang Ma Qinqin Yang Ling Liu Galal Bakr Anis Yingxin Zhang Lianping Sun Xihong Shen Qunen Liu Daibo Chen Yongbo Hong Yuyu Chen Xiaodeng Zhan Shihua Cheng Liyong Cao Weixun Wu |
| author_facet | Peng Xu Shulei Hao Xiaoxia Wen Guifang Ma Qinqin Yang Ling Liu Galal Bakr Anis Yingxin Zhang Lianping Sun Xihong Shen Qunen Liu Daibo Chen Yongbo Hong Yuyu Chen Xiaodeng Zhan Shihua Cheng Liyong Cao Weixun Wu |
| author_sort | Peng Xu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) is a staple crop for nearly half of the global population and one of China’s most extensively cultivated cereals. Heading date, a critical agronomic trait, determines the regional and seasonal adaptability of rice varieties. In this study, a series of mutants (<i>elh5</i> to <i>elh12</i>) exhibiting extremely late heading under both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions were identified from an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutant library. Using MutMap and map-based cloning, the causative gene was identified as a novel allele of <i>Ehd2</i>/<i>OsID1</i>/<i>RID1</i>/<i>Ghd10</i>. Functional validation through CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and complementation assays confirmed its role in regulating heading. The <i>elh6</i> mutation was found to cause intron retention due to alternative splicing. <i>Ehd2</i> encodes a Cys-2/His-2-type zinc finger transcription factor with an IDD domain and transcriptional activity in yeast. Its expression peaks in developing leaves before heading and spikes during reproductive conversion. In <i>elh6</i> mutants, delayed heading resulted from downregulating the <i>Ehd1</i>-<i>Hd3a</i> pathway genes. Salinity stress significantly hampers rice growth and productivity. Transcriptomic analysis of <i>elh10</i> and ZH8015 seedlings exposed to salt stress for 24 h identified 5150 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the seedling stage, predominantly linked to stress response pathways. <i>Ehd2</i> was revealed as a modulator of salt tolerance, likely through the regulation of ion transport, enzyme activity, and antioxidant systems. This study establishes <i>Ehd2</i> as a pivotal factor in promoting heading while negatively regulating salt tolerance in rice. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-54c8b423b3a4415c82675b1a82302b65 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj-art-54c8b423b3a4415c82675b1a82302b652025-01-24T13:47:10ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-01-0114229710.3390/plants14020297A Series of Novel Alleles of <i>Ehd2</i> Modulating Heading and Salt Tolerance in RicePeng Xu0Shulei Hao1Xiaoxia Wen2Guifang Ma3Qinqin Yang4Ling Liu5Galal Bakr Anis6Yingxin Zhang7Lianping Sun8Xihong Shen9Qunen Liu10Daibo Chen11Yongbo Hong12Yuyu Chen13Xiaodeng Zhan14Shihua Cheng15Liyong Cao16Weixun Wu17State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, ChinaRice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) is a staple crop for nearly half of the global population and one of China’s most extensively cultivated cereals. Heading date, a critical agronomic trait, determines the regional and seasonal adaptability of rice varieties. In this study, a series of mutants (<i>elh5</i> to <i>elh12</i>) exhibiting extremely late heading under both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions were identified from an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutant library. Using MutMap and map-based cloning, the causative gene was identified as a novel allele of <i>Ehd2</i>/<i>OsID1</i>/<i>RID1</i>/<i>Ghd10</i>. Functional validation through CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and complementation assays confirmed its role in regulating heading. The <i>elh6</i> mutation was found to cause intron retention due to alternative splicing. <i>Ehd2</i> encodes a Cys-2/His-2-type zinc finger transcription factor with an IDD domain and transcriptional activity in yeast. Its expression peaks in developing leaves before heading and spikes during reproductive conversion. In <i>elh6</i> mutants, delayed heading resulted from downregulating the <i>Ehd1</i>-<i>Hd3a</i> pathway genes. Salinity stress significantly hampers rice growth and productivity. Transcriptomic analysis of <i>elh10</i> and ZH8015 seedlings exposed to salt stress for 24 h identified 5150 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the seedling stage, predominantly linked to stress response pathways. <i>Ehd2</i> was revealed as a modulator of salt tolerance, likely through the regulation of ion transport, enzyme activity, and antioxidant systems. This study establishes <i>Ehd2</i> as a pivotal factor in promoting heading while negatively regulating salt tolerance in rice.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/2/297ricealternative splicingheading datesalt stress |
| spellingShingle | Peng Xu Shulei Hao Xiaoxia Wen Guifang Ma Qinqin Yang Ling Liu Galal Bakr Anis Yingxin Zhang Lianping Sun Xihong Shen Qunen Liu Daibo Chen Yongbo Hong Yuyu Chen Xiaodeng Zhan Shihua Cheng Liyong Cao Weixun Wu A Series of Novel Alleles of <i>Ehd2</i> Modulating Heading and Salt Tolerance in Rice Plants rice alternative splicing heading date salt stress |
| title | A Series of Novel Alleles of <i>Ehd2</i> Modulating Heading and Salt Tolerance in Rice |
| title_full | A Series of Novel Alleles of <i>Ehd2</i> Modulating Heading and Salt Tolerance in Rice |
| title_fullStr | A Series of Novel Alleles of <i>Ehd2</i> Modulating Heading and Salt Tolerance in Rice |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Series of Novel Alleles of <i>Ehd2</i> Modulating Heading and Salt Tolerance in Rice |
| title_short | A Series of Novel Alleles of <i>Ehd2</i> Modulating Heading and Salt Tolerance in Rice |
| title_sort | series of novel alleles of i ehd2 i modulating heading and salt tolerance in rice |
| topic | rice alternative splicing heading date salt stress |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/2/297 |
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