Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al Matrix Composites Reinforced with TiO<sub>2</sub> and Graphitic Carbon Nitride
The scattering of reinforcement plays a crucial role in the microstructure and properties of metal matrix composites. In this study, an aluminum matrix composite (AMC) was reinforced by 10 wt% TiO<sub>2</sub> (Al-10TiO<sub>2</sub>), with an average particle size of a submicro...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Chen Wang Xianyong Zhu Ke Zhang Jiaan Liu Xiong Xiao Cheng Jiang Jinyuan Zhang Changchun Lv Zhaoxue Sun |
| author_facet | Chen Wang Xianyong Zhu Ke Zhang Jiaan Liu Xiong Xiao Cheng Jiang Jinyuan Zhang Changchun Lv Zhaoxue Sun |
| author_sort | Chen Wang |
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| description | The scattering of reinforcement plays a crucial role in the microstructure and properties of metal matrix composites. In this study, an aluminum matrix composite (AMC) was reinforced by 10 wt% TiO<sub>2</sub> (Al-10TiO<sub>2</sub>), with an average particle size of a submicron, combined with a different content of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>), which was fabricated by shift-speed ball milling (SSBM) combined with multi-pass friction stir processing (FSP). In addition to the high hardness of TiO<sub>2</sub>, g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> has functional groups to promote in situ reactions. SSBM improves the distribution of reinforcement, refines grain size, and reduces the structural destruction of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. The in situ reaction was achieved after multi-pass FSP at a high rotational speed and low travel speeds, which can promote uniform dispersion and grain refinement. Moreover, the g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> shows the efficient enhancement of strength while maintaining the elongation of AMC. Because the exfoliation of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> under the effect of processing reduces the agglomeration of TiO<sub>2</sub>, boosts the flattening of Al, and enhances interface integration with the base metal. In situ phases can reduce the generation of coarse phases and improve interfacial bonding ability to enhance mechanical properties. The maximum tensile strength has been found at about 172.5 MPa in the Al-10TiO<sub>2</sub> containing 1 wt% g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, which was enhanced by 34% compared to that of the Al-10TiO<sub>2</sub>. The tensile strength increases when the g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> content increases from 0 to 1 wt%, but then reduces with a further increase of content. The hardness was increased by 50.2%, 60.2%, and 35% with a g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> content of 0.5, 1, and 2 wt% compared to AMCs without reinforcement, respectively. According to the test, the enhancement mechanism is mainly attributed to Orowan, grain refinement strengthening, and load transfer of scattered reinforcement. In summary, the utilization of hybrid reinforcements successfully enhances the microstructure and mechanical properties. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| spelling | doaj-art-549148d57fcf4a3fa719a7e0a69b7e192025-01-24T13:41:33ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012025-01-011516010.3390/met15010060Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al Matrix Composites Reinforced with TiO<sub>2</sub> and Graphitic Carbon NitrideChen Wang0Xianyong Zhu1Ke Zhang2Jiaan Liu3Xiong Xiao4Cheng Jiang5Jinyuan Zhang6Changchun Lv7Zhaoxue Sun8School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, ChinaThe scattering of reinforcement plays a crucial role in the microstructure and properties of metal matrix composites. In this study, an aluminum matrix composite (AMC) was reinforced by 10 wt% TiO<sub>2</sub> (Al-10TiO<sub>2</sub>), with an average particle size of a submicron, combined with a different content of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>), which was fabricated by shift-speed ball milling (SSBM) combined with multi-pass friction stir processing (FSP). In addition to the high hardness of TiO<sub>2</sub>, g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> has functional groups to promote in situ reactions. SSBM improves the distribution of reinforcement, refines grain size, and reduces the structural destruction of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. The in situ reaction was achieved after multi-pass FSP at a high rotational speed and low travel speeds, which can promote uniform dispersion and grain refinement. Moreover, the g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> shows the efficient enhancement of strength while maintaining the elongation of AMC. Because the exfoliation of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> under the effect of processing reduces the agglomeration of TiO<sub>2</sub>, boosts the flattening of Al, and enhances interface integration with the base metal. In situ phases can reduce the generation of coarse phases and improve interfacial bonding ability to enhance mechanical properties. The maximum tensile strength has been found at about 172.5 MPa in the Al-10TiO<sub>2</sub> containing 1 wt% g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, which was enhanced by 34% compared to that of the Al-10TiO<sub>2</sub>. The tensile strength increases when the g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> content increases from 0 to 1 wt%, but then reduces with a further increase of content. The hardness was increased by 50.2%, 60.2%, and 35% with a g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> content of 0.5, 1, and 2 wt% compared to AMCs without reinforcement, respectively. According to the test, the enhancement mechanism is mainly attributed to Orowan, grain refinement strengthening, and load transfer of scattered reinforcement. In summary, the utilization of hybrid reinforcements successfully enhances the microstructure and mechanical properties.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/15/1/60friction stir processingaluminum matrix compositesgraphitic carbon nitridetitanium dioxidemicrostructure |
| spellingShingle | Chen Wang Xianyong Zhu Ke Zhang Jiaan Liu Xiong Xiao Cheng Jiang Jinyuan Zhang Changchun Lv Zhaoxue Sun Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al Matrix Composites Reinforced with TiO<sub>2</sub> and Graphitic Carbon Nitride Metals friction stir processing aluminum matrix composites graphitic carbon nitride titanium dioxide microstructure |
| title | Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al Matrix Composites Reinforced with TiO<sub>2</sub> and Graphitic Carbon Nitride |
| title_full | Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al Matrix Composites Reinforced with TiO<sub>2</sub> and Graphitic Carbon Nitride |
| title_fullStr | Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al Matrix Composites Reinforced with TiO<sub>2</sub> and Graphitic Carbon Nitride |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al Matrix Composites Reinforced with TiO<sub>2</sub> and Graphitic Carbon Nitride |
| title_short | Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al Matrix Composites Reinforced with TiO<sub>2</sub> and Graphitic Carbon Nitride |
| title_sort | microstructures and mechanical properties of al matrix composites reinforced with tio sub 2 sub and graphitic carbon nitride |
| topic | friction stir processing aluminum matrix composites graphitic carbon nitride titanium dioxide microstructure |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/15/1/60 |
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