Epidemiology of Yellow Fever in Nigeria: Analysis of Climatic, Ecological, Socio-Demographic, and Clinical Factors Associated with Viral Positivity Among Suspected Cases Using National Surveillance Data, 2017–2023
Abstract Background Since its resurgence in 2017, Yellow fever (YF) outbreaks have continued to occur in Nigeria despite routine immunization and the implementation of several reactive mass vaccinations. Nigeria, Africa’s most populous endemic country, is considered a high-priority country for imple...
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Springer
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00341-w |
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| author | Stephen Eghelakpo Akar William Nwachukwu Oludare Sunbo Adewuyi Anthony Agbakizua Ahumibe Iniobong Akanimo Oyeladun Okunromade Olajumoke Babatunde Chikwe Ihekweazu Mami Hitachi Kentaro Kato Yuki Takamatsu Kenji Hirayama Satoshi Kaneko |
| author_facet | Stephen Eghelakpo Akar William Nwachukwu Oludare Sunbo Adewuyi Anthony Agbakizua Ahumibe Iniobong Akanimo Oyeladun Okunromade Olajumoke Babatunde Chikwe Ihekweazu Mami Hitachi Kentaro Kato Yuki Takamatsu Kenji Hirayama Satoshi Kaneko |
| author_sort | Stephen Eghelakpo Akar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Since its resurgence in 2017, Yellow fever (YF) outbreaks have continued to occur in Nigeria despite routine immunization and the implementation of several reactive mass vaccinations. Nigeria, Africa’s most populous endemic country, is considered a high-priority country for implementing the End Yellow fever Epidemics strategy. Methods This retrospective analysis described the epidemiological profile, trends, and factors associated with Yellow fever viral positivity in Nigeria. We conducted a multivariable binary logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with YF viral positivity. Results Of 16,777 suspected cases, 8532(50.9%) had laboratory confirmation with an overall positivity rate of 6.9%(585). Predictors of YFV positivity were the Jos Plateau, Derived/Guinea Savanah, and the Freshwater/Lowland rainforest compared to the Sahel/Sudan Savannah; dry season compared to rainy season; the hot dry or humid compared to the temperate, dry cool/humid climatic zone; 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023 epidemic years compared to compared to 2017; first, third, and fourth quarters compared to the second; male sex compared to female; age group > = 15 years compared to < 15 years; working in outdoor compared to indoor settings; having traveled within the last two weeks; being of unknown vaccination status compared to being vaccinated; and vomiting. Conclusion Ecological, climatic, and socio-demographic characteristics are drivers of YF outbreaks in Nigeria, and public health interventions need to target these factors to halt local epidemics and reduce the risk of international spread. Inadequate vaccination coverage alone may not account for the recurrent outbreaks of YF in Nigeria. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-5057dd2c2f8649bab24e4fda545913f6 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2210-6014 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-5057dd2c2f8649bab24e4fda545913f62025-01-26T12:13:13ZengSpringerJournal of Epidemiology and Global Health2210-60142025-01-0115111910.1007/s44197-025-00341-wEpidemiology of Yellow Fever in Nigeria: Analysis of Climatic, Ecological, Socio-Demographic, and Clinical Factors Associated with Viral Positivity Among Suspected Cases Using National Surveillance Data, 2017–2023Stephen Eghelakpo Akar0William Nwachukwu1Oludare Sunbo Adewuyi2Anthony Agbakizua Ahumibe3Iniobong Akanimo4Oyeladun Okunromade5Olajumoke Babatunde6Chikwe Ihekweazu7Mami Hitachi8Kentaro Kato9Yuki Takamatsu10Kenji Hirayama11Satoshi Kaneko12Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki UniversityNigeria Centre for Disease Control and PreventionGraduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki UniversityGraduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki UniversityNigeria Centre for Disease Control and PreventionNigeria Centre for Disease Control and PreventionNigeria Centre for Disease Control and PreventionWHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic IntelligenceDepartment of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki UniversityDepartment of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki UniversityDepartment of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki UniversitySchool of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki UniversityDepartment of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki UniversityAbstract Background Since its resurgence in 2017, Yellow fever (YF) outbreaks have continued to occur in Nigeria despite routine immunization and the implementation of several reactive mass vaccinations. Nigeria, Africa’s most populous endemic country, is considered a high-priority country for implementing the End Yellow fever Epidemics strategy. Methods This retrospective analysis described the epidemiological profile, trends, and factors associated with Yellow fever viral positivity in Nigeria. We conducted a multivariable binary logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with YF viral positivity. Results Of 16,777 suspected cases, 8532(50.9%) had laboratory confirmation with an overall positivity rate of 6.9%(585). Predictors of YFV positivity were the Jos Plateau, Derived/Guinea Savanah, and the Freshwater/Lowland rainforest compared to the Sahel/Sudan Savannah; dry season compared to rainy season; the hot dry or humid compared to the temperate, dry cool/humid climatic zone; 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023 epidemic years compared to compared to 2017; first, third, and fourth quarters compared to the second; male sex compared to female; age group > = 15 years compared to < 15 years; working in outdoor compared to indoor settings; having traveled within the last two weeks; being of unknown vaccination status compared to being vaccinated; and vomiting. Conclusion Ecological, climatic, and socio-demographic characteristics are drivers of YF outbreaks in Nigeria, and public health interventions need to target these factors to halt local epidemics and reduce the risk of international spread. Inadequate vaccination coverage alone may not account for the recurrent outbreaks of YF in Nigeria.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00341-wYellow feverEpidemiological profileFactors associatedVaccination |
| spellingShingle | Stephen Eghelakpo Akar William Nwachukwu Oludare Sunbo Adewuyi Anthony Agbakizua Ahumibe Iniobong Akanimo Oyeladun Okunromade Olajumoke Babatunde Chikwe Ihekweazu Mami Hitachi Kentaro Kato Yuki Takamatsu Kenji Hirayama Satoshi Kaneko Epidemiology of Yellow Fever in Nigeria: Analysis of Climatic, Ecological, Socio-Demographic, and Clinical Factors Associated with Viral Positivity Among Suspected Cases Using National Surveillance Data, 2017–2023 Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health Yellow fever Epidemiological profile Factors associated Vaccination |
| title | Epidemiology of Yellow Fever in Nigeria: Analysis of Climatic, Ecological, Socio-Demographic, and Clinical Factors Associated with Viral Positivity Among Suspected Cases Using National Surveillance Data, 2017–2023 |
| title_full | Epidemiology of Yellow Fever in Nigeria: Analysis of Climatic, Ecological, Socio-Demographic, and Clinical Factors Associated with Viral Positivity Among Suspected Cases Using National Surveillance Data, 2017–2023 |
| title_fullStr | Epidemiology of Yellow Fever in Nigeria: Analysis of Climatic, Ecological, Socio-Demographic, and Clinical Factors Associated with Viral Positivity Among Suspected Cases Using National Surveillance Data, 2017–2023 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Epidemiology of Yellow Fever in Nigeria: Analysis of Climatic, Ecological, Socio-Demographic, and Clinical Factors Associated with Viral Positivity Among Suspected Cases Using National Surveillance Data, 2017–2023 |
| title_short | Epidemiology of Yellow Fever in Nigeria: Analysis of Climatic, Ecological, Socio-Demographic, and Clinical Factors Associated with Viral Positivity Among Suspected Cases Using National Surveillance Data, 2017–2023 |
| title_sort | epidemiology of yellow fever in nigeria analysis of climatic ecological socio demographic and clinical factors associated with viral positivity among suspected cases using national surveillance data 2017 2023 |
| topic | Yellow fever Epidemiological profile Factors associated Vaccination |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00341-w |
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