Toxicity Assessment of Catechins on Representative Aquatic Organisms and Terrestrial Plant
Catechins, renowned for their health benefits, have unexamined environmental impacts. This study assessed the toxicity of crude catechin and catechin hydrate on invertebrate larvae, plant, and microalgae. The survival rates of <i>Daphnia magna</i> Straus and <i>Artemia salina</i...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/5/244 |
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| author | Khawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir Hye-Ryeon An Bertoka Fajar Surya Perwira Negara Gabriel Tirtawijaya Maria Dyah Nur Meinita Jae-Hak Sohn Dicky Harwanto Jae-Suk Choi |
| author_facet | Khawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir Hye-Ryeon An Bertoka Fajar Surya Perwira Negara Gabriel Tirtawijaya Maria Dyah Nur Meinita Jae-Hak Sohn Dicky Harwanto Jae-Suk Choi |
| author_sort | Khawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Catechins, renowned for their health benefits, have unexamined environmental impacts. This study assessed the toxicity of crude catechin and catechin hydrate on invertebrate larvae, plant, and microalgae. The survival rates of <i>Daphnia magna</i> Straus and <i>Artemia salina</i> L. were monitored every 24 h over a three-day period. The germination rate and radicle length of <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L. was measured every 24 h for four days. Inhibitory effects were evaluated in both freshwater and seawater cultures of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Beijerinck, with cell density recorded every 24 h and yield inhibition calculated after 96 h. Results indicated that increasing catechin concentration and exposure duration decreased the survival rate of <i>D. magna</i> and <i>A. salina</i>. <i>Daphnia magna</i> was more sensitive to catechins than <i>A. salina</i>, with 24 h lethal concentration 50 (LC-50) values of 1174 µg/mL compared to 1895 µg/mL for crude catechin, and 54 µg/mL compared to 153 µg/mL for catechin hydrate. The germination rate and radicle length of <i>L. sativa</i>, along with the cell density of <i>C. vulgaris</i>, decreased with increasing catechin concentration, but remained higher even after prolonged exposure. At low catechin concentrations, <i>C. vulgaris</i> cell density exceeded control levels. This study demonstrates that catechins in aquatic environments can significantly impact ecosystems. At certain concentrations, catechins are toxic and potentially lethal to aquatic organisms. Conversely, at lower concentrations, catechins may promote microalgal growth, suggesting a fertilizing effect. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for maintaining the stability of aquatic ecosystems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-504890fefb514b16be9ebced3d642eba |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj-art-504890fefb514b16be9ebced3d642eba2025-08-20T03:47:58ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512025-05-0117524410.3390/toxins17050244Toxicity Assessment of Catechins on Representative Aquatic Organisms and Terrestrial PlantKhawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir0Hye-Ryeon An1Bertoka Fajar Surya Perwira Negara2Gabriel Tirtawijaya3Maria Dyah Nur Meinita4Jae-Hak Sohn5Dicky Harwanto6Jae-Suk Choi7Department of Seafood Science and Technology, The Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Seafood Science and Technology, The Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Marine Science, University of Bengkulu, Jl. W.R Soepratman, Bengkulu 38371, IndonesiaFaculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Jalan Raya Kalirungkut Surabaya, Surabaya 60292, IndonesiaFaculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto 53123, IndonesiaDepartment of Food Science and Culinary Arts, College of Health and Welfare, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of KoreaFaculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, IndonesiaDepartment of Seafood Science and Technology, The Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of KoreaCatechins, renowned for their health benefits, have unexamined environmental impacts. This study assessed the toxicity of crude catechin and catechin hydrate on invertebrate larvae, plant, and microalgae. The survival rates of <i>Daphnia magna</i> Straus and <i>Artemia salina</i> L. were monitored every 24 h over a three-day period. The germination rate and radicle length of <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L. was measured every 24 h for four days. Inhibitory effects were evaluated in both freshwater and seawater cultures of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Beijerinck, with cell density recorded every 24 h and yield inhibition calculated after 96 h. Results indicated that increasing catechin concentration and exposure duration decreased the survival rate of <i>D. magna</i> and <i>A. salina</i>. <i>Daphnia magna</i> was more sensitive to catechins than <i>A. salina</i>, with 24 h lethal concentration 50 (LC-50) values of 1174 µg/mL compared to 1895 µg/mL for crude catechin, and 54 µg/mL compared to 153 µg/mL for catechin hydrate. The germination rate and radicle length of <i>L. sativa</i>, along with the cell density of <i>C. vulgaris</i>, decreased with increasing catechin concentration, but remained higher even after prolonged exposure. At low catechin concentrations, <i>C. vulgaris</i> cell density exceeded control levels. This study demonstrates that catechins in aquatic environments can significantly impact ecosystems. At certain concentrations, catechins are toxic and potentially lethal to aquatic organisms. Conversely, at lower concentrations, catechins may promote microalgal growth, suggesting a fertilizing effect. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for maintaining the stability of aquatic ecosystems.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/5/244algaecell densityeco-friendlygerminationplanktontoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Khawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir Hye-Ryeon An Bertoka Fajar Surya Perwira Negara Gabriel Tirtawijaya Maria Dyah Nur Meinita Jae-Hak Sohn Dicky Harwanto Jae-Suk Choi Toxicity Assessment of Catechins on Representative Aquatic Organisms and Terrestrial Plant Toxins algae cell density eco-friendly germination plankton toxicity |
| title | Toxicity Assessment of Catechins on Representative Aquatic Organisms and Terrestrial Plant |
| title_full | Toxicity Assessment of Catechins on Representative Aquatic Organisms and Terrestrial Plant |
| title_fullStr | Toxicity Assessment of Catechins on Representative Aquatic Organisms and Terrestrial Plant |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toxicity Assessment of Catechins on Representative Aquatic Organisms and Terrestrial Plant |
| title_short | Toxicity Assessment of Catechins on Representative Aquatic Organisms and Terrestrial Plant |
| title_sort | toxicity assessment of catechins on representative aquatic organisms and terrestrial plant |
| topic | algae cell density eco-friendly germination plankton toxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/5/244 |
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