Waning neutralizing antibodies through 180 days after homologous and heterologous boosters of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine
To enhance the personal immunity to COVID-19, a third booster dose of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines program campaign was implemented in China. Our study endeavored to compare the dynamics of neutralizing antibodies generated by four distinct booster vaccines against three kinds of live SARS-CoV-2 vi...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1478627/full |
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| author | Zhifei Chen Fangqin Xie Hairong Zhang Dong Li Suhan Zhang Mengping Zhang Junrong Li Jianfeng Xie Lina Zhang Xiuhui Yang Dongjuan Zhang |
| author_facet | Zhifei Chen Fangqin Xie Hairong Zhang Dong Li Suhan Zhang Mengping Zhang Junrong Li Jianfeng Xie Lina Zhang Xiuhui Yang Dongjuan Zhang |
| author_sort | Zhifei Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To enhance the personal immunity to COVID-19, a third booster dose of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines program campaign was implemented in China. Our study endeavored to compare the dynamics of neutralizing antibodies generated by four distinct booster vaccines against three kinds of live SARS-CoV-2 virus (wild-type, Delta AY.23, and Omicron BA5.2). This cohort study involved 320 healthy individuals, who were randomly assigned to four groups, to receive boosters with inactivated vaccine (COVac and BIBP), the adenovirus type-5-vectored vaccine (Convidecia), and the recombinant protein-based vaccine (Zifivax), respectively, all the vaccines studied had the Wuhan variant as their parental variant. Participants were recruited from December 2021 to June 2022, with a follow-up period of 180 days. We evaluated humoral immune responses and their longevity by measuring the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus at various time points post-boost. After 180 days of follow-up, 310 participants completed the study. Across all booster groups, neutralizing antibodies against the wild-type virus declined sharply within the first 90 days, accounting for an 81.24 to 92.34% reduction, then slowed down with gradually decreasing decay rates. By day 14 of post-boost, the ability to neutralize the Delta variant slightly diminished compared to the wild-type, whereas neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant exhibited a more pronounced decline, ranging from 10.78 to 19.88 times lower than those against the wild-type. Notably, heterologous boosting with the Convidecia vaccine maintained higher GMTs of neutralizing antibodies against both Delta and Omicron variants compared to the other boosters. At 180 days of post-boost, GMTs of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 had substantially decreased, yet individuals who received the Convidecia vaccine still exhibited higher titers than those who received other boosters. In summary, neutralizing antibody levels significantly waned 180 days after the third vaccine dose, with the most pronounced decline occurring within the initial 90 days. Heterologous boosting with Convidecia demonstrated a more robust, durable, and broad humoral immune response compared to boosting with inactivated vaccines or Zifivax, suggesting that adenovirus vector vaccines possess a special advantage in the realm of vaccine development for preventing infectious diseases. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4fd798c01751433d95c9799f21d01820 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2296-2565 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Public Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-4fd798c01751433d95c9799f21d018202025-01-28T06:41:23ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652025-01-011310.3389/fpubh.2025.14786271478627Waning neutralizing antibodies through 180 days after homologous and heterologous boosters of inactivated COVID-19 vaccineZhifei Chen0Fangqin Xie1Hairong Zhang2Dong Li3Suhan Zhang4Mengping Zhang5Junrong Li6Jianfeng Xie7Lina Zhang8Xiuhui Yang9Dongjuan Zhang10Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, ChinaFujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, ChinaFujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, ChinaFujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, ChinaFujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, ChinaFujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, ChinaFujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, ChinaFujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, ChinaZhangping Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhangping, ChinaFujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, ChinaFujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, ChinaTo enhance the personal immunity to COVID-19, a third booster dose of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines program campaign was implemented in China. Our study endeavored to compare the dynamics of neutralizing antibodies generated by four distinct booster vaccines against three kinds of live SARS-CoV-2 virus (wild-type, Delta AY.23, and Omicron BA5.2). This cohort study involved 320 healthy individuals, who were randomly assigned to four groups, to receive boosters with inactivated vaccine (COVac and BIBP), the adenovirus type-5-vectored vaccine (Convidecia), and the recombinant protein-based vaccine (Zifivax), respectively, all the vaccines studied had the Wuhan variant as their parental variant. Participants were recruited from December 2021 to June 2022, with a follow-up period of 180 days. We evaluated humoral immune responses and their longevity by measuring the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus at various time points post-boost. After 180 days of follow-up, 310 participants completed the study. Across all booster groups, neutralizing antibodies against the wild-type virus declined sharply within the first 90 days, accounting for an 81.24 to 92.34% reduction, then slowed down with gradually decreasing decay rates. By day 14 of post-boost, the ability to neutralize the Delta variant slightly diminished compared to the wild-type, whereas neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant exhibited a more pronounced decline, ranging from 10.78 to 19.88 times lower than those against the wild-type. Notably, heterologous boosting with the Convidecia vaccine maintained higher GMTs of neutralizing antibodies against both Delta and Omicron variants compared to the other boosters. At 180 days of post-boost, GMTs of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 had substantially decreased, yet individuals who received the Convidecia vaccine still exhibited higher titers than those who received other boosters. In summary, neutralizing antibody levels significantly waned 180 days after the third vaccine dose, with the most pronounced decline occurring within the initial 90 days. Heterologous boosting with Convidecia demonstrated a more robust, durable, and broad humoral immune response compared to boosting with inactivated vaccines or Zifivax, suggesting that adenovirus vector vaccines possess a special advantage in the realm of vaccine development for preventing infectious diseases.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1478627/fullCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2inactivated vaccineheterologous immunizationhomologous immunizationneutralizing antibodies |
| spellingShingle | Zhifei Chen Fangqin Xie Hairong Zhang Dong Li Suhan Zhang Mengping Zhang Junrong Li Jianfeng Xie Lina Zhang Xiuhui Yang Dongjuan Zhang Waning neutralizing antibodies through 180 days after homologous and heterologous boosters of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine Frontiers in Public Health COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine heterologous immunization homologous immunization neutralizing antibodies |
| title | Waning neutralizing antibodies through 180 days after homologous and heterologous boosters of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine |
| title_full | Waning neutralizing antibodies through 180 days after homologous and heterologous boosters of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine |
| title_fullStr | Waning neutralizing antibodies through 180 days after homologous and heterologous boosters of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Waning neutralizing antibodies through 180 days after homologous and heterologous boosters of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine |
| title_short | Waning neutralizing antibodies through 180 days after homologous and heterologous boosters of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine |
| title_sort | waning neutralizing antibodies through 180 days after homologous and heterologous boosters of inactivated covid 19 vaccine |
| topic | COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine heterologous immunization homologous immunization neutralizing antibodies |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1478627/full |
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