Abnormal Operation Detection of Automated Orchard Irrigation System Actuators by Power Consumption Level
Information and communication technology (ICT) components, especially actuators in automated irrigation systems, are essential for managing precise irrigation and optimal soil moisture, enhancing orchard growth and yield. However, actuator malfunctions can lead to inefficient irrigation, resulting i...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Shahriar Ahmed Md Nasim Reza Md Rejaul Karim Hongbin Jin Heetae Kim Sun-Ok Chung |
| author_facet | Shahriar Ahmed Md Nasim Reza Md Rejaul Karim Hongbin Jin Heetae Kim Sun-Ok Chung |
| author_sort | Shahriar Ahmed |
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| description | Information and communication technology (ICT) components, especially actuators in automated irrigation systems, are essential for managing precise irrigation and optimal soil moisture, enhancing orchard growth and yield. However, actuator malfunctions can lead to inefficient irrigation, resulting in water imbalances that impact crop health and reduce productivity. The objective of this study was to develop a signal processing technique to detect potential malfunctions based on the power consumption level and operating status of actuators for an automated orchard irrigation system. A demonstration orchard with four apple trees was set up in a 3 m × 3 m soil test bench inside a greenhouse, divided into two sections to enable independent irrigation schedules and management. The irrigation system consisted of a single pump and two solenoid valves controlled by a Python-programmed microcontroller. The microcontroller managed the pump cycling ‘On’ and ‘Off’ states every 60 s and solenoid valves while storing and transmitting sensor data to a smartphone application for remote monitoring. Commercial current sensors measured actuator power consumption, enabling the identification of normal and abnormal operations by applying threshold values to distinguish activation and deactivation states. Analysis of power consumption, control commands, and operating states effectively detected actuator operations, confirming reliability in identifying pump and solenoid valve failures. For the second solenoid valve in channel 2, with 333 actual instances of normal operation and 60 actual instances of abnormal operation, the model accurately detected 316 normal and 58 abnormal instances. The proposed method achieved a mean average precision of 99.9% for detecting abnormal control operation of the pump and solenoid valve of channel 1 and a precision of 99.7% for the solenoid valve of channel 2. The proposed approach effectively detects actuator malfunctions, demonstrating the potential to enhance irrigation management and crop productivity. Future research will integrate advanced machine learning with signal processing to improve fault detection accuracy and evaluate the scalability and adaptability of the system for larger orchards and diverse agricultural applications. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-4f2c3901261347b0b49cb88584f948fb2025-01-24T13:48:32ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-01-0125233110.3390/s25020331Abnormal Operation Detection of Automated Orchard Irrigation System Actuators by Power Consumption LevelShahriar Ahmed0Md Nasim Reza1Md Rejaul Karim2Hongbin Jin3Heetae Kim4Sun-Ok Chung5Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Smart Agricultural Systems, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of KoreaNational Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of KoreaInformation and communication technology (ICT) components, especially actuators in automated irrigation systems, are essential for managing precise irrigation and optimal soil moisture, enhancing orchard growth and yield. However, actuator malfunctions can lead to inefficient irrigation, resulting in water imbalances that impact crop health and reduce productivity. The objective of this study was to develop a signal processing technique to detect potential malfunctions based on the power consumption level and operating status of actuators for an automated orchard irrigation system. A demonstration orchard with four apple trees was set up in a 3 m × 3 m soil test bench inside a greenhouse, divided into two sections to enable independent irrigation schedules and management. The irrigation system consisted of a single pump and two solenoid valves controlled by a Python-programmed microcontroller. The microcontroller managed the pump cycling ‘On’ and ‘Off’ states every 60 s and solenoid valves while storing and transmitting sensor data to a smartphone application for remote monitoring. Commercial current sensors measured actuator power consumption, enabling the identification of normal and abnormal operations by applying threshold values to distinguish activation and deactivation states. Analysis of power consumption, control commands, and operating states effectively detected actuator operations, confirming reliability in identifying pump and solenoid valve failures. For the second solenoid valve in channel 2, with 333 actual instances of normal operation and 60 actual instances of abnormal operation, the model accurately detected 316 normal and 58 abnormal instances. The proposed method achieved a mean average precision of 99.9% for detecting abnormal control operation of the pump and solenoid valve of channel 1 and a precision of 99.7% for the solenoid valve of channel 2. The proposed approach effectively detects actuator malfunctions, demonstrating the potential to enhance irrigation management and crop productivity. Future research will integrate advanced machine learning with signal processing to improve fault detection accuracy and evaluate the scalability and adaptability of the system for larger orchards and diverse agricultural applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/2/331smart agricultureanomaly detectionorchard irrigationoperating statusirrigation actuatorssignal processing |
| spellingShingle | Shahriar Ahmed Md Nasim Reza Md Rejaul Karim Hongbin Jin Heetae Kim Sun-Ok Chung Abnormal Operation Detection of Automated Orchard Irrigation System Actuators by Power Consumption Level Sensors smart agriculture anomaly detection orchard irrigation operating status irrigation actuators signal processing |
| title | Abnormal Operation Detection of Automated Orchard Irrigation System Actuators by Power Consumption Level |
| title_full | Abnormal Operation Detection of Automated Orchard Irrigation System Actuators by Power Consumption Level |
| title_fullStr | Abnormal Operation Detection of Automated Orchard Irrigation System Actuators by Power Consumption Level |
| title_full_unstemmed | Abnormal Operation Detection of Automated Orchard Irrigation System Actuators by Power Consumption Level |
| title_short | Abnormal Operation Detection of Automated Orchard Irrigation System Actuators by Power Consumption Level |
| title_sort | abnormal operation detection of automated orchard irrigation system actuators by power consumption level |
| topic | smart agriculture anomaly detection orchard irrigation operating status irrigation actuators signal processing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/2/331 |
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