Probiotics in Depression Management: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Future Directions
Depression affects approximately 280 million people worldwide, representing a significant public health burden. It is characterized by persistent sadness, anhedonia, fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive dysfunction, and in severe cases, suicidal ideation. The pathophysiology is often attributed t...
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HH Publisher
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Progress in Microbes and Molecular Biology |
| Online Access: | https://journals.hh-publisher.com/index.php/pmmb/article/view/1103 |
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| author | Learn-Han Lee |
| author_facet | Learn-Han Lee |
| author_sort | Learn-Han Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
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Depression affects approximately 280 million people worldwide, representing a significant public health burden. It is characterized by persistent sadness, anhedonia, fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive dysfunction, and in severe cases, suicidal ideation. The pathophysiology is often attributed to neurotransmitter imbalances, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, and inflammation. Recently, the gut-brain axis has garnered attention for its role in mood regulation, suggesting that probiotic supplementation may influence depressive symptoms through gut microbiome modulation. Therefore, this review examines recent findings and research gaps regarding the efficacy of probiotics in managing clinically diagnosed depression. Emerging research demonstrates that daily probiotic supplementation from 3×109 CFU to 9×1011 CFU for four to eight weeks in combination with antidepressants is effective in improving depressive symptoms. Effective formulations commonly included Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, Lactococcus lactis, and Streptococcus thermophilus. Nevertheless, significant gaps remain, particularly concerning the mechanistic pathways, comparative effectiveness, and impact across different demographics of the probiotics. Furthermore, the long-term effects of probiotic use with antidepressants, their role in reducing antidepressant side effects, and combined effects with psychotherapy are largely understudied. Addressing these gaps through standardized methodologies will enhance evaluations of probiotic strains to optimize microbiome-based treatment regimens, and ultimately improve mental health outcomes in depression management.
Graphical abstract. Summary of research gaps and future directions to determine the efficacy of probiotics in diagnosed depression.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4f249c484b064bddbe8094ec7bf0cd84 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2637-1049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | HH Publisher |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Progress in Microbes and Molecular Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-4f249c484b064bddbe8094ec7bf0cd842025-02-05T05:10:23ZengHH PublisherProgress in Microbes and Molecular Biology2637-10492025-01-0181Probiotics in Depression Management: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Future DirectionsLearn-Han Lee Depression affects approximately 280 million people worldwide, representing a significant public health burden. It is characterized by persistent sadness, anhedonia, fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive dysfunction, and in severe cases, suicidal ideation. The pathophysiology is often attributed to neurotransmitter imbalances, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, and inflammation. Recently, the gut-brain axis has garnered attention for its role in mood regulation, suggesting that probiotic supplementation may influence depressive symptoms through gut microbiome modulation. Therefore, this review examines recent findings and research gaps regarding the efficacy of probiotics in managing clinically diagnosed depression. Emerging research demonstrates that daily probiotic supplementation from 3×109 CFU to 9×1011 CFU for four to eight weeks in combination with antidepressants is effective in improving depressive symptoms. Effective formulations commonly included Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, Lactococcus lactis, and Streptococcus thermophilus. Nevertheless, significant gaps remain, particularly concerning the mechanistic pathways, comparative effectiveness, and impact across different demographics of the probiotics. Furthermore, the long-term effects of probiotic use with antidepressants, their role in reducing antidepressant side effects, and combined effects with psychotherapy are largely understudied. Addressing these gaps through standardized methodologies will enhance evaluations of probiotic strains to optimize microbiome-based treatment regimens, and ultimately improve mental health outcomes in depression management. Graphical abstract. Summary of research gaps and future directions to determine the efficacy of probiotics in diagnosed depression. https://journals.hh-publisher.com/index.php/pmmb/article/view/1103 |
| spellingShingle | Learn-Han Lee Probiotics in Depression Management: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Future Directions Progress in Microbes and Molecular Biology |
| title | Probiotics in Depression Management: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Future Directions |
| title_full | Probiotics in Depression Management: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Future Directions |
| title_fullStr | Probiotics in Depression Management: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Future Directions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Probiotics in Depression Management: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Future Directions |
| title_short | Probiotics in Depression Management: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Future Directions |
| title_sort | probiotics in depression management efficacy mechanisms and future directions |
| url | https://journals.hh-publisher.com/index.php/pmmb/article/view/1103 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT learnhanlee probioticsindepressionmanagementefficacymechanismsandfuturedirections |