Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and nitric oxide as determinants of resting heart rate variability in non-hospitalized mild post-COVID individuals: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background The association between plasma lipids, nitric oxide (NO) and cardiovascular risk has been well documented in the literature, however, the association between these outcomes and heart rate variability (HRV) in COVID-19 remains incipient as there is no scientific evidence that has...

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Main Authors: Lucivalda Viegas de Almeida, Aldair Darlan Santos-de-Araújo, Luís Cláudio Nascimento da Silva, Patricia Martins Santos, Mariana Campos Maia, Victória Pereira Frutuoso, Daniel Santos Rocha, Adriana Sousa Rêgo, Daniela Bassi-Dibai
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-01-01
Series:BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-025-04523-z
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author Lucivalda Viegas de Almeida
Aldair Darlan Santos-de-Araújo
Luís Cláudio Nascimento da Silva
Patricia Martins Santos
Mariana Campos Maia
Victória Pereira Frutuoso
Daniel Santos Rocha
Adriana Sousa Rêgo
Daniela Bassi-Dibai
author_facet Lucivalda Viegas de Almeida
Aldair Darlan Santos-de-Araújo
Luís Cláudio Nascimento da Silva
Patricia Martins Santos
Mariana Campos Maia
Victória Pereira Frutuoso
Daniel Santos Rocha
Adriana Sousa Rêgo
Daniela Bassi-Dibai
author_sort Lucivalda Viegas de Almeida
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background The association between plasma lipids, nitric oxide (NO) and cardiovascular risk has been well documented in the literature, however, the association between these outcomes and heart rate variability (HRV) in COVID-19 remains incipient as there is no scientific evidence that has investigated this outcome. Objective Investigate whether metabolic outcomes may be associated with cardiac autonomic behavior arising from short-term HRV variables in non-hospitalized mild post-COVID individuals. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Individuals of both sexes, aged ≥ 18 years, who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 according to the RT-PCR test, without the need for hospitalization, were included. The HRV was collected in the supine position for at least 10 min for later analysis in the Kubios software. Metabolic outcomes [high density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dL), cholesterol (mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL) and NO (µmol/L)] were collected through a blood sample. Results Seventy-three individuals were included (post-COVID = 32; control = 41). HRV was worse in the post-COVID group when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides and NO showed significant correlations with HRV indices. Regression models indicated that cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as NO, explain up to 30.3% of the variations in certain HRV indices, suggesting an impact of metabolic outcomes on autonomic modulation. Conclusion There is a relationship between plasma lipids, NO and HRV in non-hospitalized individuals with mild COVID-19. Metabolic outcomes are associated and explain between 16.6% and 30.30% of certain variables of resting HRV in post-COVID individuals. Clinical trial number Not applicable.
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publishDate 2025-01-01
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spelling doaj-art-4da271fbb53d438d9042d4b122b5514f2025-02-02T12:07:38ZengBMCBMC Cardiovascular Disorders1471-22612025-01-0125111510.1186/s12872-025-04523-zCholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and nitric oxide as determinants of resting heart rate variability in non-hospitalized mild post-COVID individuals: a cross-sectional studyLucivalda Viegas de Almeida0Aldair Darlan Santos-de-Araújo1Luís Cláudio Nascimento da Silva2Patricia Martins Santos3Mariana Campos Maia4Victória Pereira Frutuoso5Daniel Santos Rocha6Adriana Sousa Rêgo7Daniela Bassi-Dibai8Postgraduate Program in Programs Management and Health Services, Universidade CeumaPostgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São CarlosPostgraduate program in Microbial Biology, Universidade CeumaDepartment of Physical Therapy, Universidade CEUMADepartment of Physical Therapy, Universidade CEUMADepartment of Physical Therapy, Universidade CEUMAPostgraduate program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do MaranhãoPostgraduate Program in Environment, Universidade CeumaPostgraduate Program in Programs Management and Health Services, Universidade CeumaAbstract Background The association between plasma lipids, nitric oxide (NO) and cardiovascular risk has been well documented in the literature, however, the association between these outcomes and heart rate variability (HRV) in COVID-19 remains incipient as there is no scientific evidence that has investigated this outcome. Objective Investigate whether metabolic outcomes may be associated with cardiac autonomic behavior arising from short-term HRV variables in non-hospitalized mild post-COVID individuals. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Individuals of both sexes, aged ≥ 18 years, who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 according to the RT-PCR test, without the need for hospitalization, were included. The HRV was collected in the supine position for at least 10 min for later analysis in the Kubios software. Metabolic outcomes [high density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dL), cholesterol (mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL) and NO (µmol/L)] were collected through a blood sample. Results Seventy-three individuals were included (post-COVID = 32; control = 41). HRV was worse in the post-COVID group when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides and NO showed significant correlations with HRV indices. Regression models indicated that cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as NO, explain up to 30.3% of the variations in certain HRV indices, suggesting an impact of metabolic outcomes on autonomic modulation. Conclusion There is a relationship between plasma lipids, NO and HRV in non-hospitalized individuals with mild COVID-19. Metabolic outcomes are associated and explain between 16.6% and 30.30% of certain variables of resting HRV in post-COVID individuals. Clinical trial number Not applicable.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-025-04523-zCOVID-19Heart rate variabilityBlood plasma lipidsNitric oxide
spellingShingle Lucivalda Viegas de Almeida
Aldair Darlan Santos-de-Araújo
Luís Cláudio Nascimento da Silva
Patricia Martins Santos
Mariana Campos Maia
Victória Pereira Frutuoso
Daniel Santos Rocha
Adriana Sousa Rêgo
Daniela Bassi-Dibai
Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and nitric oxide as determinants of resting heart rate variability in non-hospitalized mild post-COVID individuals: a cross-sectional study
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
COVID-19
Heart rate variability
Blood plasma lipids
Nitric oxide
title Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and nitric oxide as determinants of resting heart rate variability in non-hospitalized mild post-COVID individuals: a cross-sectional study
title_full Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and nitric oxide as determinants of resting heart rate variability in non-hospitalized mild post-COVID individuals: a cross-sectional study
title_fullStr Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and nitric oxide as determinants of resting heart rate variability in non-hospitalized mild post-COVID individuals: a cross-sectional study
title_full_unstemmed Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and nitric oxide as determinants of resting heart rate variability in non-hospitalized mild post-COVID individuals: a cross-sectional study
title_short Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and nitric oxide as determinants of resting heart rate variability in non-hospitalized mild post-COVID individuals: a cross-sectional study
title_sort cholesterol triglycerides hdl and nitric oxide as determinants of resting heart rate variability in non hospitalized mild post covid individuals a cross sectional study
topic COVID-19
Heart rate variability
Blood plasma lipids
Nitric oxide
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-025-04523-z
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