Multiplexed SSR marker analysis of Diplocarpon coronariae reveals clonality within samples from Middle Europe and genetic distance from Asian and North American isolates
Abstract Background Apple blotch (AB) caused by Diplocarpon coronariae (Dc) has been established in Europe since 2010. AB is a serious apple disease, mostly in low input orchards and in cider production areas in Northern Italy, Switzerland, Austria and Germany. However, the epidemiology and populati...
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CABI
2021-05-01
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| Series: | CABI Agriculture and Bioscience |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-021-00039-6 |
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| author | Thomas Oberhänsli Anna Dalbosco Virginie Leschenne Anne Bohr Sascha Buchleither Lucius Tamm Lukas Wille Srđan G. Aćimović Fatemeh Khodadadi Young-Hyun Ryu Bruno Studer Hans-Jakob Schärer Andrea Patocchi |
| author_facet | Thomas Oberhänsli Anna Dalbosco Virginie Leschenne Anne Bohr Sascha Buchleither Lucius Tamm Lukas Wille Srđan G. Aćimović Fatemeh Khodadadi Young-Hyun Ryu Bruno Studer Hans-Jakob Schärer Andrea Patocchi |
| author_sort | Thomas Oberhänsli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Apple blotch (AB) caused by Diplocarpon coronariae (Dc) has been established in Europe since 2010. AB is a serious apple disease, mostly in low input orchards and in cider production areas in Northern Italy, Switzerland, Austria and Germany. However, the epidemiology and population genetic structure of this pathogen is unknown. Methods We developed twelve Dc-specific microsatellite markers and screened DNA of both pure fungal isolates and infected apple leaves. The marker data of 313 European samples of Dc were compared to Dc isolates from Asia (n = 7) and the USA (n = 3). Results We found 31 distinct multilocus genotypes (MLGs) in European samples, and seven additional MLGs in the Asian and USA samples. The European samples had the typical genetic signature of a recently introduced species including high clonality, a low number of private alleles and one dominant MLG across all the sampling sites. All European MLGs were genetically distant from those MLGs of Asian and USA origin. Based on the lack of linkage disequilibrium observed, there is evidence that Dc undergoes regular cycles of sexual recombination in the European population, although the sexual stage (apothecia) has not been observed in Europe. Conclusions The twelve newly developed SSR markers reported here provide a useful tool to characterize the population genetic diversity and structure of Dc in Europe. Our study supports the hypothesis that Dc is a recently introduced pathogen in Europe, but of currently unknown origin. Dc has a large effective population size during field epidemics, so we believe that the pathogen has substantial evolutionary potential. Application of the SSR markers to large-scale and diverse Dc samples will help to better understand the epidemiology of AB, which has become a global apple disease, and will help guide effective mitigation strategies based on disease management and resistance breeding. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4a9ff4b4039148b6b15629296b731ad0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2662-4044 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | CABI |
| record_format | Article |
| series | CABI Agriculture and Bioscience |
| spelling | doaj-art-4a9ff4b4039148b6b15629296b731ad02025-02-02T10:40:28ZengCABICABI Agriculture and Bioscience2662-40442021-05-012111510.1186/s43170-021-00039-6Multiplexed SSR marker analysis of Diplocarpon coronariae reveals clonality within samples from Middle Europe and genetic distance from Asian and North American isolatesThomas Oberhänsli0Anna Dalbosco1Virginie Leschenne2Anne Bohr3Sascha Buchleither4Lucius Tamm5Lukas Wille6Srđan G. Aćimović7Fatemeh Khodadadi8Young-Hyun Ryu9Bruno Studer10Hans-Jakob Schärer11Andrea Patocchi12FIBL, Research Institute of Organic AgricultureAgroscope, Breeding ResearchFIBL, Research Institute of Organic AgricultureKOB, Kompetenzzentrum Obstbau-BodenseeKOB, Kompetenzzentrum Obstbau-BodenseeFIBL, Research Institute of Organic AgricultureFIBL, Research Institute of Organic AgricultureDepartment of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityPlant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Cornell UniversityOrganic Agriculture Research Institute, GBARESMolecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichFIBL, Research Institute of Organic AgricultureAgroscope, Breeding ResearchAbstract Background Apple blotch (AB) caused by Diplocarpon coronariae (Dc) has been established in Europe since 2010. AB is a serious apple disease, mostly in low input orchards and in cider production areas in Northern Italy, Switzerland, Austria and Germany. However, the epidemiology and population genetic structure of this pathogen is unknown. Methods We developed twelve Dc-specific microsatellite markers and screened DNA of both pure fungal isolates and infected apple leaves. The marker data of 313 European samples of Dc were compared to Dc isolates from Asia (n = 7) and the USA (n = 3). Results We found 31 distinct multilocus genotypes (MLGs) in European samples, and seven additional MLGs in the Asian and USA samples. The European samples had the typical genetic signature of a recently introduced species including high clonality, a low number of private alleles and one dominant MLG across all the sampling sites. All European MLGs were genetically distant from those MLGs of Asian and USA origin. Based on the lack of linkage disequilibrium observed, there is evidence that Dc undergoes regular cycles of sexual recombination in the European population, although the sexual stage (apothecia) has not been observed in Europe. Conclusions The twelve newly developed SSR markers reported here provide a useful tool to characterize the population genetic diversity and structure of Dc in Europe. Our study supports the hypothesis that Dc is a recently introduced pathogen in Europe, but of currently unknown origin. Dc has a large effective population size during field epidemics, so we believe that the pathogen has substantial evolutionary potential. Application of the SSR markers to large-scale and diverse Dc samples will help to better understand the epidemiology of AB, which has become a global apple disease, and will help guide effective mitigation strategies based on disease management and resistance breeding.https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-021-00039-6Apple blotchDiplocarpon coronariae syn. Marssonina coronariaMicrosatellite markersClonal populationsMixed reproduction |
| spellingShingle | Thomas Oberhänsli Anna Dalbosco Virginie Leschenne Anne Bohr Sascha Buchleither Lucius Tamm Lukas Wille Srđan G. Aćimović Fatemeh Khodadadi Young-Hyun Ryu Bruno Studer Hans-Jakob Schärer Andrea Patocchi Multiplexed SSR marker analysis of Diplocarpon coronariae reveals clonality within samples from Middle Europe and genetic distance from Asian and North American isolates CABI Agriculture and Bioscience Apple blotch Diplocarpon coronariae syn. Marssonina coronaria Microsatellite markers Clonal populations Mixed reproduction |
| title | Multiplexed SSR marker analysis of Diplocarpon coronariae reveals clonality within samples from Middle Europe and genetic distance from Asian and North American isolates |
| title_full | Multiplexed SSR marker analysis of Diplocarpon coronariae reveals clonality within samples from Middle Europe and genetic distance from Asian and North American isolates |
| title_fullStr | Multiplexed SSR marker analysis of Diplocarpon coronariae reveals clonality within samples from Middle Europe and genetic distance from Asian and North American isolates |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multiplexed SSR marker analysis of Diplocarpon coronariae reveals clonality within samples from Middle Europe and genetic distance from Asian and North American isolates |
| title_short | Multiplexed SSR marker analysis of Diplocarpon coronariae reveals clonality within samples from Middle Europe and genetic distance from Asian and North American isolates |
| title_sort | multiplexed ssr marker analysis of diplocarpon coronariae reveals clonality within samples from middle europe and genetic distance from asian and north american isolates |
| topic | Apple blotch Diplocarpon coronariae syn. Marssonina coronaria Microsatellite markers Clonal populations Mixed reproduction |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-021-00039-6 |
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