Association between vitamin D deficiency and major depression in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cohort study
BackgroundPatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an elevated risk of both vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and depression. However, the relationship between VDD and the risk of depression in this population remains unclear.MethodsUsing the TriNetX network database (2010–2019), we conducted a prop...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1540633/full |
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| author | I-Wen Chen I-Wen Chen Wei-Ting Wang Yi-Chen Lai Yi-Chen Lai Ying-Jen Chang Yao-Tsung Lin Kuo-Chuan Hung Kuo-Chuan Hung |
| author_facet | I-Wen Chen I-Wen Chen Wei-Ting Wang Yi-Chen Lai Yi-Chen Lai Ying-Jen Chang Yao-Tsung Lin Kuo-Chuan Hung Kuo-Chuan Hung |
| author_sort | I-Wen Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundPatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an elevated risk of both vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and depression. However, the relationship between VDD and the risk of depression in this population remains unclear.MethodsUsing the TriNetX network database (2010–2019), we conducted a propensity score-matched cohort study of CKD patients aged ≥50 years. Patients were categorized into VDD (≤20 ng/mL) and control (≥30 ng/mL) groups based on measurements within 3 months of CKD diagnosis. The primary outcome was the incidence of major depression within 1 year of follow-up.ResultsAmong 17,955 matched pairs, VDD was associated with increased depression risk at 1 year (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.929; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.52–2.448; p < 0.0001). This association persisted through 3 years of follow-up. The relationship remained consistent across CKD stages, with similar risks in early (HR:1.977; 95% CI: 1.382–2.829) and CKD stage 3–5 (HR:1.981; 95% CI: 1.533–2.559). Males with VDD showed higher depression risk (HR: 2.264; 95% CI: 1.498–3.421) compared to females (HR:1.761; 95% CI: 1.307–2.374). Even vitamin D insufficiency (20–30 ng/mL) increased depression risk compared to normal levels (HR:1.667; 95% CI: 1.318–2.11). In patients with VDD, cerebrovascular disease, malnutrition, and ischemic heart disease are risk factors for depression.ConclusionVDD is independently associated with increased depression risk in patients with CKD, particularly in males. These findings suggest that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels might be important for mental health in patients with CKD, although randomized trials are needed to confirm whether supplementation can prevent depression in this population. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4a4c6a96128c437ba618db3b95b84179 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2296-861X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj-art-4a4c6a96128c437ba618db3b95b841792025-01-27T05:14:38ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2025-01-011210.3389/fnut.2025.15406331540633Association between vitamin D deficiency and major depression in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cohort studyI-Wen Chen0I-Wen Chen1Wei-Ting Wang2Yi-Chen Lai3Yi-Chen Lai4Ying-Jen Chang5Yao-Tsung Lin6Kuo-Chuan Hung7Kuo-Chuan Hung8Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan City, TaiwanSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, TaiwanDepartment of Anesthesiology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, TaiwanSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, TaiwanDepartment of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, TaiwanDepartment of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, TaiwanDepartment of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, TaiwanSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, TaiwanDepartment of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, TaiwanBackgroundPatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an elevated risk of both vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and depression. However, the relationship between VDD and the risk of depression in this population remains unclear.MethodsUsing the TriNetX network database (2010–2019), we conducted a propensity score-matched cohort study of CKD patients aged ≥50 years. Patients were categorized into VDD (≤20 ng/mL) and control (≥30 ng/mL) groups based on measurements within 3 months of CKD diagnosis. The primary outcome was the incidence of major depression within 1 year of follow-up.ResultsAmong 17,955 matched pairs, VDD was associated with increased depression risk at 1 year (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.929; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.52–2.448; p < 0.0001). This association persisted through 3 years of follow-up. The relationship remained consistent across CKD stages, with similar risks in early (HR:1.977; 95% CI: 1.382–2.829) and CKD stage 3–5 (HR:1.981; 95% CI: 1.533–2.559). Males with VDD showed higher depression risk (HR: 2.264; 95% CI: 1.498–3.421) compared to females (HR:1.761; 95% CI: 1.307–2.374). Even vitamin D insufficiency (20–30 ng/mL) increased depression risk compared to normal levels (HR:1.667; 95% CI: 1.318–2.11). In patients with VDD, cerebrovascular disease, malnutrition, and ischemic heart disease are risk factors for depression.ConclusionVDD is independently associated with increased depression risk in patients with CKD, particularly in males. These findings suggest that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels might be important for mental health in patients with CKD, although randomized trials are needed to confirm whether supplementation can prevent depression in this population.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1540633/fullvitamin D deficiencychronic kidney diseasedepressionrisk factornutrition |
| spellingShingle | I-Wen Chen I-Wen Chen Wei-Ting Wang Yi-Chen Lai Yi-Chen Lai Ying-Jen Chang Yao-Tsung Lin Kuo-Chuan Hung Kuo-Chuan Hung Association between vitamin D deficiency and major depression in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cohort study Frontiers in Nutrition vitamin D deficiency chronic kidney disease depression risk factor nutrition |
| title | Association between vitamin D deficiency and major depression in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cohort study |
| title_full | Association between vitamin D deficiency and major depression in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cohort study |
| title_fullStr | Association between vitamin D deficiency and major depression in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cohort study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Association between vitamin D deficiency and major depression in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cohort study |
| title_short | Association between vitamin D deficiency and major depression in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cohort study |
| title_sort | association between vitamin d deficiency and major depression in patients with chronic kidney disease a cohort study |
| topic | vitamin D deficiency chronic kidney disease depression risk factor nutrition |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1540633/full |
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