The Global Burden and Trends of Legionella spp. Infection-Associated Diseases from 1990 to 2021: An Observational Study
Abstract Background Legionella infections are a major global health issue, yet there’s limited research on their impact and trends. We aimed to systematically analyzed the long-term trends in Legionella spp. infection-associated diseases (LSIADs) burden from 1990 to 2021. Methods Age-standardized di...
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| Format: | Article |
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Springer
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00342-9 |
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| author | Yonghong Zhong Linfeng Shen Yan Zhou Yibo Sun Xiaofang Fu Huaqiong Huang |
| author_facet | Yonghong Zhong Linfeng Shen Yan Zhou Yibo Sun Xiaofang Fu Huaqiong Huang |
| author_sort | Yonghong Zhong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Legionella infections are a major global health issue, yet there’s limited research on their impact and trends. We aimed to systematically analyzed the long-term trends in Legionella spp. infection-associated diseases (LSIADs) burden from 1990 to 2021. Methods Age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (ASR-DALYs) and age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) of LSIADs from 1990 to 2021 were accessed from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021, which utilized the Bayesian hierarchical meta-regression tool and the Cause of Death Ensemble model to estimate these metrics. Trends in disease burden across age, sex, region, and Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) levels were estimated using annual percentage changes (EAPCs) and annual percentage changes (APCs). Results Globally, the ASR-DALYs and ASDRs for LSIADs in 2021 were 24.74 and 0.86 per 100,000, respectively, with the highest rates observed in regions with low SDI. From 1990 to 2021, while the overall burden of LSIADs showed a downward trend, the highest ASR-DALYs (101.85 per 100,000) and ASDRs (8.15 per 100,000) were observed in individuals over 70 years of age, accompanied by a corresponding increase in deaths (EAPCs = 0.17%, 95% CI: 0.09–0.26%). Furthermore, increases in ASR-DALYs and ASDRs for LSIADs were also noted among those aged 15–49 years (EAPCs = 0.43% and 0.57%, respectively) and those aged 50–69 years (EAPCs = 0.14% and 0.09%, respectively). Conclusion Higher disease burdens and increasing trends have been observed in specific age groups and regions, which require the implementation of water quality management plans, enhanced readiness of health facilities, and improved sanitation infrastructure. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-49e617d36c994b39a67b2a8e98118766 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2210-6014 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
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| series | Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-49e617d36c994b39a67b2a8e981187662025-01-26T12:13:14ZengSpringerJournal of Epidemiology and Global Health2210-60142025-01-0115111010.1007/s44197-025-00342-9The Global Burden and Trends of Legionella spp. Infection-Associated Diseases from 1990 to 2021: An Observational StudyYonghong Zhong0Linfeng Shen1Yan Zhou2Yibo Sun3Xiaofang Fu4Huaqiong Huang5Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital Linping CampusDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital Linping CampusDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital Linping CampusDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital Linping CampusDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital Linping CampusKey Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineAbstract Background Legionella infections are a major global health issue, yet there’s limited research on their impact and trends. We aimed to systematically analyzed the long-term trends in Legionella spp. infection-associated diseases (LSIADs) burden from 1990 to 2021. Methods Age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (ASR-DALYs) and age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) of LSIADs from 1990 to 2021 were accessed from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021, which utilized the Bayesian hierarchical meta-regression tool and the Cause of Death Ensemble model to estimate these metrics. Trends in disease burden across age, sex, region, and Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) levels were estimated using annual percentage changes (EAPCs) and annual percentage changes (APCs). Results Globally, the ASR-DALYs and ASDRs for LSIADs in 2021 were 24.74 and 0.86 per 100,000, respectively, with the highest rates observed in regions with low SDI. From 1990 to 2021, while the overall burden of LSIADs showed a downward trend, the highest ASR-DALYs (101.85 per 100,000) and ASDRs (8.15 per 100,000) were observed in individuals over 70 years of age, accompanied by a corresponding increase in deaths (EAPCs = 0.17%, 95% CI: 0.09–0.26%). Furthermore, increases in ASR-DALYs and ASDRs for LSIADs were also noted among those aged 15–49 years (EAPCs = 0.43% and 0.57%, respectively) and those aged 50–69 years (EAPCs = 0.14% and 0.09%, respectively). Conclusion Higher disease burdens and increasing trends have been observed in specific age groups and regions, which require the implementation of water quality management plans, enhanced readiness of health facilities, and improved sanitation infrastructure.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00342-9Legionella spp. infection-associated diseasesGlobal burden of diseaseEpidemiologyTrendA observational study |
| spellingShingle | Yonghong Zhong Linfeng Shen Yan Zhou Yibo Sun Xiaofang Fu Huaqiong Huang The Global Burden and Trends of Legionella spp. Infection-Associated Diseases from 1990 to 2021: An Observational Study Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health Legionella spp. infection-associated diseases Global burden of disease Epidemiology Trend A observational study |
| title | The Global Burden and Trends of Legionella spp. Infection-Associated Diseases from 1990 to 2021: An Observational Study |
| title_full | The Global Burden and Trends of Legionella spp. Infection-Associated Diseases from 1990 to 2021: An Observational Study |
| title_fullStr | The Global Burden and Trends of Legionella spp. Infection-Associated Diseases from 1990 to 2021: An Observational Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Global Burden and Trends of Legionella spp. Infection-Associated Diseases from 1990 to 2021: An Observational Study |
| title_short | The Global Burden and Trends of Legionella spp. Infection-Associated Diseases from 1990 to 2021: An Observational Study |
| title_sort | global burden and trends of legionella spp infection associated diseases from 1990 to 2021 an observational study |
| topic | Legionella spp. infection-associated diseases Global burden of disease Epidemiology Trend A observational study |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00342-9 |
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